ART AND SCIENCE. 231 



etruments of the natural philosopher are the products of 

 art ; the adjusting one of them for use is an art ; there is 

 art in making an observation with one of them ; it requires 

 art properly to treat the facts ascertained ; nay, even the 

 employing established generalizations to open the way to 

 new generalizations, may be considered as art. In each of 

 these cases previously organized knowledge becomes the 

 implement by which new knowledge is got at : and whether 

 that previously organized knowledge is embodied in a tan 

 gible apparatus or in a formula, matters not in so far as its 

 essential relation to the new knowledge is concerned. If, 

 as no one will deny, art is applied knowledge, then such 

 portion of a scientific investigation as consists of applied 

 knowledge is art. So that we may even say that as soon 

 as any prevision in science passes out of its originally pas 

 sive state, and is employed for reaching other previsions, 

 it passes from theory into practice becomes science in ac 

 tion becomes art. And when we thus see how purely 

 conventional is the ordinary distinction, how impossible it 

 is to make any real separation when we see not only that 

 science and art were originally one; that the arts have 

 perpetually assisted each other ; that there has been a con 

 stant reciprocation of aid between the sciences and arts ; 

 but that the sciences act as arts to each other, and that the 

 established part of each science becomes an art to the 

 growing part when we recognize the closeness of these 

 associations, we shall the more clearly perceive that as the 

 connexion of the arts with each other has been ever be 

 coming more intimate ; as the help given by sciences to 

 arts and by arts to sciences, has been age by age increas 

 ing ; so the interdependence of the sciences themselves has 

 been ever growing greater, their mutual relations more in 

 volved, their consensus more active. 



In here ending our sketch of the Genesis of Science, we 



