THE INTEGRATION OF THE ORGANIC WORLD. 407 



fertilization. Pari passu have gone on insect-developments 

 made possible by these arrangements and furthering them. 

 Especially must be named the modification of certain Hymen- 

 optera into honey-storing bees : the implication being that 

 the entire economy established by these social insects has 

 been sequent on the growth of this system of reciprocal 

 benefits. And then, just instancing the dependence between 

 a particular flower having a long tubular corolla, and a par 

 ticular moth having an appropriately long proboscis, it 

 suffices to say that innumerable specialities of this general 

 relation everywhere multiply the links by which the vegetal 

 world and the animal world are here connected. That the 

 effects of the connections tell largely on the prosperity of 

 both, is suggested by some instances Mr. Darwin gives, and 

 by a statement recently made in the United States, by Dr. L. 

 0. Howard, that the greater fostering of bees would much 

 increase certain of the crops. 



But now observe the broad fact to which these few details 

 concerning plant-fertilization are introductory. All these 

 general and special relations between plants and animals 

 have arisen since the phamogamic type came into existence 

 have, indeed, arisen since the higher members of that type, 

 the Angiosperms, have appeared; for the Gymnosperms do 

 not play any part in this intercommunion. But so far as we 

 can judge of present results of geologic explorations, there 

 were no Angiosperms during the Eozoic and Paleozoic 

 periods. So that this class of connexions between animals 

 and vegetals must have been established since carboniferous 

 times a period long, indeed, but far shorter than that which 

 organic evolution at large has occupied. 



314/7. I have but just touched on some salient parts of a 

 subject, immense in extent and extremely involved, which it 

 would take a volume to set forth adequately. Enough has 

 been said, however, to indicate the truth which it is the 

 purpose of the chapter to bring into view and emphasize 



