584 APPENDIX C. 



place even when there is a good supply of liquid, if the mechanical 

 strains are so violent and the exudation so rapid that the currents 

 cannot refill the half-emptied vessels with sufficient rapidity. And 

 in this case the intruding air may possibly play the same part as 

 that contained in the air-chamber of a force-pump tending, by 

 moderating the violence of the jets, and by equalizing the strains, 

 to prevent rupture of the apparatus. Of course when the supply 

 of liquid becomes adequate, and the strains not too violent, these 

 bubbles will be expelled as readily as they entered. 



Here, as before, let me add the conclusive proof furnished by 

 a direct experiment. To ascertain the amount of this propulsive 

 action, I took from the same tree, a Laurel, two equal shoots, and 

 placing them in the same dye, subjected them to conditions that 

 were alike in all respects save that of motion : while one remained 

 at rest, the other was bent backwards and forwards, now by switch 

 ing and now by straining with the fingers. After the lapse of an 

 hour, I found that the dye had ascended the oscillating shoot three 

 times as far as it had ascended the stationary shoot this result 

 being an average from several trials. Similar trials brought out 

 similar effects in other structures. The various petioles and herba 

 ceous shoots experimented upon for the purpose of ascertaining 

 the amount of exudation produced by transverse strains, showed 

 also the amount of longitudinal movement. It was observable 

 that the height ascended by the dye was in all cases greater where 

 there had been oscillation than where there had been rest the 

 difference, however, being much less marked in succulent struc 

 tures than in woody ones. 



It need scarcely be said that this mechanical action is not here 

 assigned as the sole cause of circulation, but as a cause co-operating 

 with others, and helping others to produce effects that could not 

 otherwise be produced. Trees growing in conservatories afford us 

 abundant proof that sap is raised to considerable heights by other 

 forces. Though it is notorious that trees so circumstanced do not 

 thrive unless, through open sashes, they are frequently subject to 

 breezes sufficient to make their parts oscillate, yet there is evidently 

 a circulation that goes on without mechanical aid. The causes of 

 circulation are those actions only which disturbtheliquid equilibrium 

 in a plant, by permanently abstracting water or sap from some part 

 of it; and of these the first is the absorption of materials for the for 

 mation of new tissue in growing parts ; the second is the loss by 

 evaporation, mainly through adult leaves; and the third is the loss by 

 extravasation, through compressed vessels. Only so far as it pro 

 duces this last, can mechanical strain be regarded as truly a cause of 

 circulation. All the other actions concerned must be classed as aids 

 to circulation as facilitating that redistribution of liquid that con 

 tinually restores the equilibrium continually disturbed ; and of these 



