Expansion and Peace 25 



or imprisonment, but of tortures upon men, and, 

 above all, upon women, too horrible to relate tor 

 tures of which it is too terrible even to think. More 

 over, no good resulted from the bloodshed and mis 

 ery. Often this is the case in a war, but often it is 

 not the case. The result of the last Turko- Russian 

 war was an immense and permanent increase of hap 

 piness for Bulgaria, Servia, Bosnia, and Herze 

 govina. These provinces became independent or 

 passed under the dominion of Austria, and the ad 

 vantage that accrued to them because of this expan 

 sion of the domain of civilization at the expense of 

 barbarism has been simply incalculable. This ex 

 pansion produced peace, and put a stop to the cease 

 less, grinding, bloody tyranny that had desolated 

 the Balkans for so many centuries. There are many 

 excellent people who have praised Tolstoi's fantastic 

 religious doctrines, his fantastic advocacy of peace. 

 The same quality that makes the debauchee and the 

 devotee alternate in certain decadent families, the 

 hysterical development which leads to violent emo 

 tional reaction in a morbid nature from vice to 

 virtue, also leads to the creation of Tolstoi's "Kreut- 

 zer Sonata" on the one hand, and of his unhealthy 

 peace-mysticism on the other. A sane and healthy 

 mind would be as incapable of the moral degrada 

 tion of the novel as of the decadent morality of the 

 philosophy. If Tolstoi's countrymen had acted ac- 



VOL. XII. B 



