Expansion and Peace 29 



barbarous nation peace is the exceptional condi 

 tion. On the border between civilization and bar 

 barism war is generally normal because it must be 

 under the conditions of barbarism. Whether the 

 barbarian be the Red Indian on the frontier of the 

 United States, the Afghan on the border of British 

 India, or the Turkoman who confronts the Sibe 

 rian Cossack, the result is the same. In the long 

 run civilized man finds he can keep the peace only 

 by subduing his barbarian neighbor; for the bar 

 barian will yield only to force, save in instances 

 so exceptional that they may be disregarded. Back 

 of the force must come fair dealing, if the peace is 

 to be permanent. But without force fair dealing 

 usually amounts to nothing. In our history we 

 have had more trouble from the Indian tribes 

 whom we pampered and petted than from those we 

 wronged; and this has been true in Siberia, Hin 

 dustan, and Africa. 



Every expansion of civilization makes for peace. 

 In other words, every expansion of a great civil 

 ized power means a victory for law, order, and 

 righteousness. This has been the case in every 

 instance of expansion during the present century, 

 whether the expanding power were France or Eng 

 land, Russia or America. In every instance the 

 expansion has been of benefit, not so much to the 

 power nominally benefited, as to the whole world. 



