110 THE YOUNG FARMER^ MANUAL. 



128. Fig. 36 represents a different style of standard. The 

 sills may be about two by four inches square, with the standards 

 passing through and keyed on the under side. Each side is 

 braced with wires, twisted together to hold it firm. "When wire 

 braces are used and twisted up tightly, there is no need of keying or 

 pinning the standard. The gains may be sawed in the standard 

 with a circular saw, about half an inch deep, and the boards 

 nailed to it. Large flat stones may be used for sills ; or, the 

 standards may be set on a rock, and the bottom kept from moving 

 by drilling a half-inch hole one inch deep in the rock, and two 

 inches deep in the bottom of the standard, and putting in a half- 

 inch iron dowel pin. Holes are drilled for the wire braces, and 

 made fast in the rocks by melted lead, and the wires afterwards 

 twisted together. Or a heavy stone may be placed on each end 

 of a sill, to keep the fence in the proper position ; but it will require 

 nearly as much timber for the sills and standards as it would for 

 posts ; and it will require more labor to make the standards, than 

 it would to set the posts three feet deep. 



129. Fig. 37 represents Gabriel's patent portable board fence 

 standard, which appears to meet with much approbation by most 

 farmers, a a are standards made of inch boards, fastened to the 

 top after the boards are put in the gains by a wooden yoke, or a 

 little band of iron e; c c is a horizontal strip of board, about thirty 

 inches long and five wide ; and the standards may be nailed or 

 screwed to it at the bottom. 5 b are two pieces of boards fitted 

 neatly between the stakes d d and the standards, and firmly nailed 

 to the board c c. The stakes d d are one inch thick. Another 

 board of the size of c c must be nailed on the opposite side of the 

 standards. The standards may extend below the sills, as shown by 

 the dotted lines, and the fence rest on these points ; or the ends 

 of the sills may rest on stones. The standards for this fence may 

 all be made in the workshop ; but if the fence is to be set up where 

 it deviates from one direct horizontal line, the gains in the edges 

 of the fence boards should not be made until the time when the 

 fence is to be put up. In making such a fence up or down a hill, the 

 standards should all be set perpendicularly, and not at a right 



