320 MUSCLES AND FASCIA. 



from the mastoid portion of the temporal bone by short aponeurotic fibres. 

 They are inserted into the lower part of the cranial surface of the concha. 



Relations. Externally, with the integument; internally, with the mastoid 

 portion of the temporal bone. 



Nerves. The Attollens Aurem is supplied by the small occipital ; the Attra- 

 hens Aurem, by the facial ; and the Eetrahens Aurem, by the posterior auricular 

 branch of the facial. 



Actions. In man, these muscles possess very little action; the Attollens 

 Aurem slightly raises the ear ; the Attrahens Aurem draws it forwards and 

 upwards ; and the Eetrahens Aurem draws it backwards. 



3. PALPEBBAL EEGION. (Fig. 215.) 



Orbicularis Palpebrarum. Levator Palpebrse. 



Corrugator Supercilii. Tensor Tarsi. 



Dissection (Fig. 214). In order to expose the muscles of the face, continue the longitudinal 

 incision, made in the dissection of the Occipito-frontalis, down the median line of the face to the 

 tip of the nose, and from this point onwards to the upper lip ; and carry another incision along 

 the margin of the lip to the angle of the mouth, and transversely across the face to the angle of 

 the jaw. Then make an incision in front of the external ear, from the angle of the jaw upwards, 

 to join the transverse incision made in exposing the Occipito-frontalis. These incisions include 

 a square-shaped flap, which should be removed in the direction marked in the figure, with care, 

 as the muscles at some points are intimately adherent to the integument. 



The Orbicularis Palpebrarum is a sphincter muscle, which surrounds the cir- 

 cumference of the orbit and eyelids. It arises from the internal angular process 

 of the frontal bone, from the nasal process of the superior maxillary in front 

 of the lachrymal groove, and from the anterior surface and borders of a short 

 tendon, the tendo-palpebrarum, placed at the inner angle of the orbit. From 

 this origin, the fibres are directed outwards, forming a broad, thin, and flat layer, 

 which covers the eyelids, surrounds the circumference of the orbit, and spreads 

 out over the temple, and downwards on the cheek, becoming blended with the 

 Occipito-frontalis and Corrugator Supercilii. The palpebral portion (ciliaris) 

 of the Orbicularis is thin and pale ; it arises from the bifurcation of the tendo 

 palpebrarum, and forms a series of concentric curves, which are united on the 

 outer side of the eyelids at an acute angle by a cellular raphe*, some being 

 inserted into the external tarsal ligament and malar bone. The orbicular por- 

 tion (orbicularis latus) is thicker and of a reddish color: its fibres are well 

 developed, and form complete ellipses. 



Relations. By its superficial surface, with the integument. By its deep surface, 

 above, with the Occipito-frontalis and Corrugator Supercilii, with which it is 

 intimately blended, and with the supra-orbital vessels and nerve; below, it 

 covers, the lachrymal sac, and the origin of the Levator Labii Superioris, and 

 the Levator Labii Superioris Alaeque Nasi muscles. Internally, it is occasionally 

 blended with the Pyramidalis Nasi. Externally, it lies on the temporal fascia. 

 On the eyelids, it is separated from the conjunctiva by a fibrous membrane and 

 the tarsal cartilages. 



The tendo palpebrarum (tendo oculi) is a short tendon, about two lines in 

 length and one in breadth, attached to the nasal process of the superior maxillary 

 bone in front of the lachrymal grpove. Crossing the lachrymal sac, it divides 

 into two parts, each division being attached to the inner extremity of the corre- 

 sponding tarsal cartilage. As the tendon crosses the lachrymal sac, a strong 

 aponeurotic lamina is given off from the posterior surface, which expands over 

 the sac, and is attached to the ridge on the lachrymal bone. This is the reflected 

 aponeurosis of the tendo palpebrarum. 



The Corrugator Supercilii is a small, narrow, pyramidal muscle, placed at the 

 inner extremity of the eyebrow, beneath the Occipito-frontalis and Orbicularis 

 Palpebrarum muscles. It arises from the inner extremity of the superciliary 



