KEPOUT OF THE BUKKATJ OF ANIMAL INDUSTRY. 57 



twenty-eight inoculated sixteen died on the fourth day, nine on the 

 fifth, two on the seventh, and one 011 the tenth day. 



Of these animals, nearly all of them rodents, the guinea pig is 

 considered the most satisfactory. The other animals are more or 

 less susceptible to septicaemia caused by bacteria present in secre- 

 tions and discharges in contact with the air. They are therefore 

 liable to die of septicaemia before glanders is developed. At the 

 same time this does not exclude the use of these rodents when guinea- 

 pigs are not to be had, provided a sufficient number, say, at least 

 five or six, are inoculated from the same horse. They would require 

 a careful bacteriological examination to make sure of the nature of 

 the disease. In guinea pigs, on the other hand, the external signs 

 of disease, such as the swelling and suppuration of lymphatic glands, 

 testicles, and feet, the formation of abscesses and ulcers in and under 

 the skin, and the not infrequent nasal disease, are sufficient of them- 

 selves to decide the question without bacteriological evidence. Guinea- 

 pigs very rarely die of septicaemia or putrid changes under the skin 

 as the result of inoculation. 



The animals above mentioned are not indigenous in our own coun- 

 try. Dr. C. Hart Merriam has kindly furnished the names of a few 

 American representatives or closely allied forms. Arvicola riparius, 

 the meadow mouse, may be used for Arvicola arvalis; for Arvicola 

 terrestris, A. austerus, for Spermophilus guttatus, Sp. Townsendi or 

 Sp. Richardsoni, which is common in northern Dalvota. Of Erin- 

 aceus Europeans there is no American representative. 



Those who are called upon to make diagnosis of glanders should 

 endeavor to always have a supply of guinea pigs on hand. In order 

 to make the diagnosis of value Lofner recommends that from three 

 to five should be inoculated, and not simply with a prick of the lan- 

 cet, but larger quantities (a large drop) of the mucus from the nose 

 should be placed in a pocket under the skin, as already described. 

 The greater number survive the inoculation and show positive signs 

 of glanders in two weeks. Males should be used whenever possible, 

 owing to the characteristic lesions of the testicles. 



The following experiments were made during the year 1888 with 

 the purpose of determining how far the statements in the preceding 

 pages could be relied upon in making a diagnosis. The great ma- 

 jority of the inoculations were made upon guinea pigs from the na- 

 sal discharges of glandered horses. Many of the latter had ulcers 

 on the septum of the nose which could be seen, so that the diagnosis 

 of glanders was made without resorting to inoculation : 



I. January 21 two adult guinea pigs (Nos. 1, 2) were inoculated with a lancet, the 

 material being taken from nodules in the lungs of a glandered horse. No result. 



II. April 13 two guinea pigs (Nos. 3, 4) were inoculated subcutaneously on the 

 left side of abdomen with nasal discharge from a horse suspected of chronic glanders. 

 Guinea pig No. 3 was found dead May 5. It had for ten days previous nasal dis- 

 charge. At the autopsy the following lesions were noted: Left fore limb and right 

 hind limb very much swollen. In the right inguinal region an ulcer with ragged bor- 

 der one-half inch across. The left inguinal lymph gland enlarged and containing 

 several whitish nodules about the size of a hemp-seed. In the nasal passages con- 

 siderable purulent matter. Spleen enlarged, thickly dotted with very small whitish 

 masses. 



From this animal no cultures were made, but two fresh adult male guinea pigs were 

 inoculated each from the spleen and inguinal gland by taking bits as large as hemp- 

 seeds and placing them under the skin. One of them has. on May 20, an open, dry 

 sore, one-half inch across, adjacent to the place of inoculation. The inguinal gland 

 and testicle are considerably enlarged. The skin over the latter is becoming 

 abraded. Some days later the right fore limb was very badly swollen. It was 

 killed June 4. 



