REPORT OF THE BUREAU OF ANIMAL INDUSTRY. 165 



It is interesting, in this connection, to trace the march of infec- 

 tion in the south of France, as reported to the French Academy by 

 Fouque,* as an excellent illustration of the ways by which infectious 

 diseases may be scattered broadcast over a country : 



The disease did not, as was supposed, appear in Marseilles toward the end of 

 June, but in the month of April, and I have been able to locate three entirely dis- 

 tinct centers of the outbreak due to the same cause the introduction of African 

 swine. These three centers are : The village of Caillols, midway between Aubagne 

 and Marseilles ; the village of Sainte Marthe, 6 kilometers northeast of Marseilles, 

 and the herds of the Mediterranean distilleries. 



(1) From the 10th to the 15th of April a breeder of Caillols received a drove of black 

 swine from the province of Oran (Algiers). From the first week some cases of 

 pneumonia showed themselves among the last animals. The disease gained rapidly, 

 causing many deaths. The survivors were sold on the 4th of May following. 



On the 8th of June the same piggeries were restocked, partly with African and 

 partly with Russian swine. Towards the end of the month there were cases of 

 pneumonia, f The Russian swine resisted less than the others. August 16 the pig- 

 gery was again emptied. Finally, during September, the third attempt was made, 

 exclusively with African swine. This also proved a failure. The survivors were 

 sold in October. 



During this time the disease reached the neighboring piggeries, stocked with a 

 mixed Marseilles breed. The breeders of Caillols, alarmed by the ravages of an 

 epizootic, the nature and cause of which they did not know, decided to sell out at 

 any price. The neighboring localities, Saint Marcel, Saint Loup, San Juan-du- 

 Desert, etc. , were successively infected. Infection was spread by the sales and ex- 

 changes of sick and suspected animals, by means of transportation (carts often 

 used in common by several establishments soiled by the dejections of the sick, and 

 afterward used to transport healthy animals and their feed), and also by the lateral 

 canal of Huveaune, which receives at certain points running water coming from 

 the grounds on which the piggeries are located. 



At the beginning of September all the valley of Huveaune, from Aubagne as far 

 as Marseilles, was infected. Diseased pigs from this region we meet again in the 

 market of Aubagne, at the fair of September 21, and which became later on the 

 most active agents in spreading the disease in the departments. 



(2) Toward the middle of the month of August the disease appeared in a piggery 

 in Sainte Marthe, stocked exclusively with African swine. These animals came 

 directly from Oran without coming in contact with any other of their species. 

 Several days later one of the largest breeders in that vicinity, who for three months 

 had not brought a single pig to his establishment, and whose piggery was at least 

 600 feet away from the preceding one, sustained a considerable loss, especially among 

 the pigs of 130 to 175 pounds. 



(3) Finally, on the 25th of June, sick pigs came from Oran to the piggeries of the 

 Mediterranean distilleries. There were very soon a number of victims of pneumo- 

 nia, not only in the distilleries but also in the neighborhood, where there were from 

 4,000 to 5,000 in a comparatively small territory. A great many of the sick died ; 

 the others were quickly sent to different cities to be delivered to the butchers. I 

 have traced the history of six sows which were sold from the midst of infection to 

 Estaque, thence they passed through the commune Rove and arrived in August at 

 Gignac, where they introduced the disease. By an odd coincidence, some sick pigs 

 from the same locality were taken to the fair at Aubagne and bought by a breeder 

 of Gignac. 



The fair at Aubagne, on September 21, marked the most important phase in the 

 progress of contagious pneumonia ; during the first fortnight in October there was 

 a veritable explosion of the disease, which up to this time had been scarcely known. 



The importation of the disease by animals bought at the fair of Aubagne can be 

 traced with the greatest precision in the suburbs south and north of Marseilles, 

 also as far as Gardanne, in the communes of Septemes, Vitrolles, Pennes, etc., to 

 Gignac, as mentioned above, even into the neighboring departments, which con- 

 tinued with the others to receive consignments of Marseilles swine. It is also nec- 

 essary to mention Puget, Ville et Grasse among the localities infected. 



In the beginning of December, 153 swine were shipped from Marseilles to Nice ; 

 nearly all died in a few days. From that time cases appeared among the native pigs. 



*L. c.,p.670. 



f The writer calls the disease infectious pneumonia for want of a better term, al- 

 though Rietsch distinctly states the intestinal nature of the malady. Fouque was 

 no doubt led astray by the early misleading notices of Cornil and Chantemesse. 



