REPORT OF THE BUREAU OF ANIMAL INDUSTRY. 173 



ance ; gall bladder filled with greenish-colored bile. In the duct, running from the 

 gall bladder to the small intestines, I found a mass of tape- worms (Tcenia expansa). 

 The small intestine I found filled with a mass of these worms, varying in length from 6 

 inches to 5 or 6 feet. The kidneys were normal in size and color, but, upon sec- 

 tion, I found the pelvis filled with a gelatinous material. The muscular system 

 was exceedingly flabby and pale in color. The body seemed to be absolutely desti- 

 tute of fat. The urine was normal. The brain showed a slight serous effusion 

 about the base, and to a slightly greater extent in the region of the medulla oblon- 

 gata. There also was a slight effusion into the abdominal cavity. The only other 

 change that could be found in the brain of these sheep was a slight congestion of the 

 arachnoid membrane. 



The above description is taken from so-called "locoed" animals, 

 but applies equally well to teenise-infected sheep. Of the many 

 "locoed" animals that I have examined, but one or two have been 

 free from tsenise, and in these the gall ducts were thickened and en- 

 larged as though they had at some earlier date been infected. It is 

 extremely difficult to separate the symptoms of the two diseases, 

 and it seems to me that many cases ot "locoed" animals are 'victims 

 of the tape- worm. That the tsenia may tend to produce depraved 

 appetites and the morbid craze for a particular food, is also a reason 

 for suspecting that the loco disease may depend in part on the tape- 

 worm disease. 



In Dr. Faville's description there is one point to which I wish to 

 call attention, and that is the finding of a slight congestion of the 

 arachnoid membrane. In specimens that I have examined there 

 seemed to be no undue congestion, and the arachnoid membrane, 

 which is a vascular one, naturally looks red or dark colored. The 

 brain symptoms of these animals are such as arise from aneeinia 

 rather than hypersemia of the brain. 



In affected yearlings which are not suspected of eating loco more 

 than other animals (all eat of the loco plants), the following ante 

 and post mortem symptoms can be observed: Lambs that are badly 

 affected are large headed, with undersized bodies and hide-bound 

 skins. Their gait is slightly like 'that of a rheumatic. They seem 

 to have difficulty in cropping the shorter grass; they also appear to 

 be more foolish than the other sheep, standing oftener to stamp at 

 the sheep dogs or herder than the healthier ones. Others do not 

 seem to see as well, or are so affected that they appreciate danger 

 less. In driving they are to be found at the rear or the flock. In- 

 ternally the organs present no marked symptoms of disease. The 

 abdomen contains more dark-colored serous fluid than normal; the 

 omentum is often nearly devoid of fat. The catarrhal inflamma- 

 tion and thickening of the mucous membrane of the duodenum and 

 gall ducts have already been noticed. The liver, in cases of long 

 standing, is somewhat smaller than normal; the kidneys are some- 

 times flabbier and paler than normal; the lymphatics look somewhat 

 darker; the muscles are thinner and weaker. There is in all cases a 

 diminution of fat, and in most cases the leanness of muscle is marked. 

 In those places where the fat usually occurs in masses, little or none 

 is found. Associated with this condition is the presence of serous 

 infiltration of connective tissue in the abdomen, thorax, spinal and 

 cranial cavities. This infiltration is the most marked in the worst 

 cases. The groin, the pelvis of the kidney, the spaces between 

 serous coats of the abdomen, and other spaces where serous membrane 

 partially or entirely surrounds an organ, are noticeably infiltrated. 



These conditions hold in lambs and older sheep. Between the 

 worst affected and entirely healthy individuals there are many grades. 



