CULTIVATION OF THE BEET. 41 



by the addition of sugar, and the refined loaf is pro 

 duced directly from the beet. 



In some establishments the old-fashioned " scum 

 press," worked by hand, is seen, while others have 

 " hydraulic scum presses." A score of different meth 

 ods are employed in various parts of Europe for the 

 treatment of the " scum." 



In my judgment, however, incomparably the best 

 process is the system of " double carbonitation," so 

 called, of Perier and Possoz. 



This method reduces the quantity of bone black 

 required to a very small amount, allowing the beets to 

 be worked later in the spring, producing a larger 

 percentage of sugar, of better quality and at lower 

 cost, than by any other method. 



Taken in conjunction with the " hydraulic press," 

 " Riedel's filter press," for the treatment of scums, 

 the " carbonitation trouble," and, possibly, the " Joly 

 rasp," it leaves little to be desired, and is the one that 

 I heartily recommend for adoption. 



In France the expense of manufacturing raw sugar, 

 including the cost of the beets, varies from three to 

 four cents per pound. 



The average expenses of converting 1,000 tons of 

 beets into sugar by the best processes are about as fol 

 lows, not including taxes or interest on capital : 



1,000 tons beets (a) $3.80, $3,800 



Coal, 1 20 tons, (a) $3.00, 360 



Bone-black waste, 300 



Sacks for pulp, 250, (a) 70 cts., .... 175 



Labor, 220 men 5 days (a) 70 cts., . . 770 



