256 



HEREDITY AND VARIATION 



embedded bud grows out the following spring, it is found to have 

 all the characters of the tree from which it was taken. 



Steps in budding, a, twig having suitable buds to use; b, method of cutting 

 out bud ; c, how the bark is cut ; d, how the bark is opened ; e, inserting 

 the bud ; /, the bud in place; g, the bud properly bound in place. 



Grafting. Of much the same nature is grafting. Here, how 

 ever, a small portion of the stem of the closely allied tree is fas 



tened into the trunk of the growing tree 

 in such a manner that the two cut layers 

 just under the bark will coincide. This 

 will allow of the passage of food into 

 the grafted part and insure the ultimate 

 growth of the twig. Grafting and bud 

 ding are of considerable economic value 

 to the fruit grower, as it enables him 

 Steps in tongue grafting, a, the to produce at will, trees bearing choice 



two branches to be formed ; ... ,. ,. . , , 



b, a tongue cut in each ; c, fit- Varieties of fruit. 1 



Other Methods. Other methods of 

 plant propagation are by means of run 

 ners, as when strawberry plants strike root from long stems that 

 run along the ground ; layering, where roots may develop on 

 covered up branches of blackberry or raspberry plants ; slips, roots 

 developing from stems which are cut off and placed in moist 

 sand ; from tubers, as in planting potatoes ; and by means of 



1 For full directions for budding and grafting, see Goff and Mayne, First Princi 

 ples of Agriculture, Chap. XIX, Mayne and Hatch, High School Agriculture, 

 pp. 159-165, or Hodge, Nature Study and Life, pages 169-179. 



ted together; d, method of 



