APPENDIX 415 



HYGIENE OUTLINE 



(This outline may be introduced with Plant Biology, or, better, may come as application of 

 the work in Second-term Biology.) 



THE ENVIRONMENT. Changes for betterment under control. How a city boy 

 may improve his environment : by proper clothing, proper food and preparation of 

 food, by care in home life ; by sanitary conditions in neighborhood and in home. 



REVIEW OF ACTIVITIES OP CELL. Irritability, food taking, assimilation, oxidation, 

 excretion, reproduction. Similarity of functions of plant and animal cells. All 

 cells perform these functions. Some cells perform functions especially well, e.g. 

 contracting muscle cells. All cells need food and oxygen. Some must have this 

 carried to them. A system of tubes carries blood which carries food and oxygen. 

 Food must be prepared to get into the blood. Digestive system : mouth, teeth, 

 stomach, intestines, glands, and digestive juices. Uses of above in preparing food 

 to pass into the blood. Absorption of food into the blood. How oxygen gets to 

 the cells. Nose, throat, windpipe, lungs ; blood goes to lungs and carries away 

 oxygen. Excretion. Cells give up wastes to blood and these wastes taken out of 

 blood by kidneys and other glands and passed out of body. Sweat, urine, carbon 

 dioxide. 



CERTAIN KINDS OF WORK PERFORMED BY CERTAIN KINDS OF CELLS. Advantage 

 of this. Cells of movement. Muscles, tissues. Bones as levers necessary for some 

 movements. This especially true for legs and arms. Skeleton also necessary for pro 

 tection of internal organs and support of body. Making of special things in the 

 body, e.g. digestive juices given to certain cells called gland cells. Working together 

 or coordination of different organs provided for by nervous system. This is com 

 posed of cells which are highly irritable or sensitive. Collections of these nerve 

 cells give us the power of feeling or sensation and of thinking. 



DIETETICS. Diet influenced by age, weight, occupation, temperature or climate, 

 cheapness of food, digestibility. 



NUTRIENTS. List of nutrients found in seeds and fruits, also other common foods. 

 Need of nutrients for human body. Nitrogenous foods, examples. A mixed diet 

 best. 



DIGESTION AND INDIGESTION. What is digestion? Where does it take place? 

 Causes of indigestion. Eating too rapidly and not chewing food. Eating foods 

 hard to digest. Overeating. Eating between meals. Hard exercise immediately 

 before or after eating. 



CONSTIPATION. A condition in which the bowels do not move at least once every 

 day. Dangers of constipation. Poisonous materials may be absorbed, causing 

 lack of inclination to work, headache. Importance of regular habits of emptying 

 the bowels. Each one must try to get at the cause of constipation in his own case. 

 Causes of constipation. Lack of exercise, improper food, not drinking enough water, 

 lack of laxative food, as fruits; lack of sleep, lack of regular habits. Remedies. 

 Avoid use of drugs. Half hour before breakfast a glass of hot water, exercise of 

 abdominal muscles, laxative foods, form habit of moving bowels after breakfast. 



HYGIENE OF CIRCULATION AND ABSORPTION. How digested foods get to the cells. 

 Absorption. Definition. The passing of the digested food into the blood. How 

 accomplished. Blood vessels. In walls of stomach and food tube. Membrane 

 of cells separating food from blood. Food passes by osmosis through the membrane 

 and by osmosis through the thin walls of the blood vessels. 



