XXXV1U INTRODUCTION. 



progress of civilization are direct resultants of the forces by which 

 men are controlled. "What we term the moral order of society, im- 

 plies a strict regularity in the action of these forces. Modern sta- 

 tistics disclose a remarkable constancy in the moral activities man- 

 ifested in communities of men. Crimes, and even the modes of 

 crime, have been observed to occur with a uniformity which admits 

 of their prediction. Each period may therefore be said to have its 

 definite amount of morality and justice. It has been maintained, 

 for instance, with good reason, that " the degree of liberty a peo- 

 ple is capable of in any given age, is a fixed quantity, and that any 

 artificial extension of it in one direction brings ab.out an equiva- 

 lent limitation in some other direction. French revolutions show 

 scarcely any more respect for individual rights than the despotisms 

 they supplant; and French electors use their freedom to put 

 themselves again in slavery. So in those communities where State 

 restraint is feeble, we may expect to find it supplemented by the 

 sterner restraints of public opinion." 



But society like the individual is progressive. Although at 

 each stage of individual growth the forces of the organism, physi- 

 ological, intellectual, and passional, have each a certain definite 

 amount of strength, yet these ratios are constantly changing, and 

 it is in this change that development essentially consists. So with 

 society; the measured action of its forces gives rise to a fixed 

 amount of morality and liberty in each age, but that amount in- 

 creases with social evolution. The savage is one in whom certain 

 classes of feelings and emotions predominate, and he becomes civil- 

 ized just in proportion as these feelings are slowly replaced by oth- 

 ers of a higher character. Yet the activities which determine 

 human advancement are various. Not only must we regard the 

 physiological forces, or those which pertain to man's physical or- 

 ganization and capacities, and the psychological, or those resulting 

 from his intellectual and emotional constitution, but the influences 

 of the external world, and those of the social state, are likewise to 

 be considered. Man and society, therefore, aa viewed by the eyo 



