390 THE DEPTHS OF THE SEA. [CHAP. vm. 



by Professor Buff to perform the work are thus the 

 vis a tergo of the trade-wind drift, and the direct 

 driving power of the anti-trades, producing what 

 has been called the anti-trade drift. This is quite 

 \n accordance with the views here advocated. The 

 proportion in which these two forces act, it is un 

 doubtedly impossible in the present state of our 

 knowledge to determine. 



Mr. A. G. Eindlay, a high authority on all hydro- 

 graphic matters, read a paper on the Gulf-stream 

 before the Royal Geographical Society, reported in 

 the 13th volume of the Proceedings of the' Society. 

 Mr. Findlay, while admitting that the temperature 

 of north-eastern Europe is abnormally ameliorated by 

 a surface-current of the warm water of the Atlantic 

 which reaches it, contends that the Gulf-stream proper, 

 that is to say the water injected, as it were, into 

 the Atlantic through the Strait of Florida by the 

 impulse of the trade- winds, becomes entirely thinned 

 out, dissipated, and lost, opposite the Newfoundland 

 banks about lat. 45 N. The warm water of the 

 southern portion of the North Atlantic basin is still 

 carried northwards ; but Mr. Findlay attributes this 

 movement solely to the anti-trades the south-west 

 winds which by their prevalence keep up a balance 

 of progress in a north-easterly direction in the surface 

 layer of the water. 



Dr. Carpenter entertains a very strong opinion that 

 the dispersion of the Gulf-stream may be affirmed to 

 be complete in about lat. 45 N. and long. 35 "W. 

 Dr. Carpenter admits the accuracy of the projection 

 of the isotherms on the maps of Berghaus, Dove 

 Petermann, and Keith Johnston, and he admits like- 



