794 



Ehrenberg, Herr, 635, 749. 



Eldon Hole, in the Peak, description 

 of, 242. 



Electricity, manifestations of during 

 hurricanes, 452 ; an agent in evapora 

 tion, 401 ; identical with lightning, 

 617 ; derivation of the word, 517; its 

 energy decreases by distance from the 

 equator, 517 ; its operation in equa 

 torial latitudes, 517519; is con 

 nected with magnetism, 522 ; various 

 manifestations of, 523520. 



Elements, the four, an exploded error, 

 613 ; of the solar system, 189192. 



Elephant, the, 590, 595 ; fossil, 753. 



Elevation, valleys of, illustrated, 630. 



Elk, gigantic horned, 758, 759. 



Ellore, drought at, 472. 



Elmo, fire of St, 520. 



Encrinal limestone, illustrated, 693. 



Encrinites, illustrated, 676. 



Encrinitis moniliformis, view of the, 

 640. 



Encroachments of the sea, 386 388 ; 

 chronological list of, 388390 ; in 

 Holland, France, and Britain, 390 

 896 ; in America, 396. 



Endogenitae, fossil, 730. 



Engineer, geological knowledge useful 

 to the, 620. 



England, flora of, 564 ; geological maps 

 of, 619 ; east coast of, its alluvium 

 and drift, 642 ; igneous formations 

 of, 656 ; abundance of the New Ked 

 Sandstone strata in, 709 ; oolitic 

 formation in, 718 ; chalk strata of, 

 731, et seq. 



Ensisheim on the Rhine, fall of meteoric 

 stones at, 132. 



Eocene tertiary period, 638, 741 747. 



" Euthen," citation from, 228. 



Epacrides, botanical region of the, 562. 



Epicycles, Ptolemy's theory of, 13. 



Epoch, the human, in geology, 636. 



Equatorial and hot regions, climate of 

 the, 504. 



Equinoxes, precession of the, 73, 74 ; 

 has caused zodiacal changes, 149. 



Era (astronomical) of the Greek and 

 Alexandrian schools, 1 16 ; of 

 Copernicus, Tycho Brahe', Keppler, 

 and Galileo, 1732; of, Newton, 

 Halley, and Herschel, 3348. 



Erebus, Mount, 210. 



Erethrina, or coral-tree, 555. 



Erica, the genus, 558. 



Erie, lake, depositions of, 740. 



Erratic rocks, 760. 



Escalonias, botanical region of the, 561. 



Escape, providential, of a Swiss shep 

 herd, 411. 



Escher, M., his account of the inunda 

 tion from the Val de Bagnes, 414. 



Escobar, Marie de, carries grains to 

 Lima, 567. 



Eskdale, peat-mosses of, 770. 



Esquimaux drift to the Orkneys, 3C3 ; 

 shelter of the, 477, 597 ; food of the, 

 697 ; skulls of, 605 ; stature of, 605 ; 

 hair of, 606. 



Etesian winds, 447. 



Ethiopian division of the human race, 

 603. 



Etna, Mount, 210, 212, 410 ; view of, 

 213 ; changes in, 425, 427 ; variety of 

 climates on, 491 ; Ovid's remark on, 

 616 ; fissures in, 654 ; eruptions of, 

 780. 



Euboea, earthquake at, 433. 



Eucalypte, botanical region of the, 

 562. 



Eudoxus of Cnidus described the face 

 of the heavens, 147. 



Euomphali, fossil, illustrated, 675. 



Euphrates, the river, 294. 



Europe, computed population of, 59G ; 

 diversities of the human figure in, 

 605 ; granitic mountains of, 645. 



Euxine Sea. See Black Sea. 



INDEX. 



Evaporation, its causes and effects, 401 ; 



takes place from terrene as well as 



aqueous surfaces, 461; its natural 



limits, 461. 

 Everest, Mount, the culminating point 



of the world, 204. 

 Everett, Mr, quoted, 679. 

 External structure of rocks, 625. 

 Eyes, immense number of, in some 



animals, 672. 



Fable, Arab, a beautiful, 616. 



Fahrenheit, thermometer of, 507. 



Fair-head, Ireland, basaltic promon 

 tory of, 653. 



Falkland Islands, the, 502, 581, 59C, 

 668. 



Fall Elver, view of rocking-stone at, 

 761. 



Falls of Trolhetta, 285 ; of Terni, 286 ; 

 of Leeambye or Zambesi, 286 ; of 

 Tequendama, 286 ; of Niagara, 287 

 290. 



Fata Morgana, 535, 540; view of the, 

 538 ; causes of it, 538, 540. 



Fault in strata, illustrated, C29, 698. 



Fayal, marine meadows near, 348. 



Feejee island, hot spring in, 269. 



Feline race, the, 598. 



Felspar, its compounds, and where 

 found, 623 ; a component of granite, 

 644 ; its crumbling nature, 648 ; 

 forms a moiety of greenstone, 652; 

 porphyry, 654 ; glassy, 655. 



Fennel, its prolific nature, 569. 



Ferguson, James, 158. 



Fern plants, 551 ; fossil, 706. 



Fibrous structure of rocks, 624. 



Field plants, 549. 



Fifeshire, coal of, 639. 



Findhorn, loss of land at the river, 401, 

 416420 ; basin of the river, 683. 



Fiords of Norway, description and view 

 of, 332. 



Fir-trees, various species of, 552 ; extra 

 ordinary, 772. 



Fire-balls, 131, 519. See Stars, fall 

 ing. 



Fires of the interior of the earth, 656. 



First cause, necessity for a, 40, 107, 

 164, 183 ; is not suspended by the 

 adoption of the nebular hypothesis, 

 188. 



Fishes, class of, 574579; longevity 

 of, 575 ; sword-fish, 575 ; phosphor 

 escence of fish, 575 ; numbing power 

 of several kinds, 575 ; climatic differ 

 ences in the varieties of, 677 ; the 

 cod, 577 ; tunny, pilchard, and her 

 ring, 577 ; migrations of several 

 kinds, 573 ; species having analogy 

 to land mammalia, 578 ; fossil, list 

 of successive, 640. 



Fissures at Polistena, 432 ; in rocks, 

 625, 632 ; volcanic, 644, 656. 



Fitzroy, Captain, 451, 775. 



Fixed stars. See Stars. 



Flamborough Head, cliffs of, 731, 735. 



Flamstead, the first astronomer-royal, 

 36 ; is highly esteemed, 37 ; was of 

 humble origin, yet attained the sum 

 mit of practical astronomy, 37 ; his 

 labours much assisted Newton, 37 ; 

 his letters discovered by Mr Baily, 

 37 ; was injuriously treated by New 

 ton and others, 37; observed the 

 northern hemisphere, 41 ; cited, 

 358. 



Fleabane, wide dissemination of the 

 plant, 665. 



Flinders, Captain, his researches, 383. 



Flints, found in chalk, 733. 



Floating islands, 318320, 693. 



Floods, great, at Martigny, 413 115; 

 in Morayshire, 416, 592. 



Flora, ancient, of the earth, 707. 



Flowers, their beauty and uses, 646. 



Fluviatile deposits, 777. 



Flying-fish, the, 575. 



Folkstone, land-slip at, 392. 



Foot-marks and other traces of animals 

 in strata, 631, 716. 



Forbes, Professor, his alpine experi 

 ences, 203, 207, 208, 341. 



Forest plants, 549 ; marble, 724. 



Forests of equinoctial America, descrip 

 tion of, by Humboldt and Darwin, 

 655. 



Formations, geological, G36, et al. 



Forster, Mr W. M., Newcastle colliery 

 tables, 696. 



Forth, river, its tortuous course, 282. 



Fossil organic remains found in caverns, 

 251 255 ; their true nature and ori- 



. gin unknown till recent times, 617 ; 

 definitely distributed in the earth's 

 strata, 619 ; ferns in coal strata, 631 ; 

 remains, 662 ; of the Silurian system, 

 670 ; in the Carboniferous system, 

 690, et seq.; fossil trees, views of, 

 705, 706. 



Fossiliferous rocks, division of, 635, d 

 seq.; thickness of, in Britain, C37. 



Fox, the, 588, 592 ; polar, 588. 



Foyers, falls of, 286. 



France, coast of, 402 ; extinct volcanoes 

 in central, 427, 429 ; action of winds 

 in, 450 ; varying climates of, 493 ; 

 flora of, 564 ; New Eed Sandstone of, 

 708 ; oolites of, 724, 725 ; clays of, 

 726 ; chalk of, 731, et al. ; tertiary 

 strata of, 745, 747. 



Franklin, Dr Benjamin, observes the 

 effect of oil in stilling waves, 351 ; 

 his celebrated kite experiment, 517. 



Franklin, Sir John, 525, 528. 



Freiberg, mines of, 501 ; school at, 617; 

 masses of silver found there, C34. 



Fresnel, M., 463. 



Frost, its operation on rocks, 408. 



Frozen regions, climate of, 506. 



Frugivorous races of men, 597. 



Fruits and cultivated vegetables, notices 

 of the introduction of various, 567 

 569. 



Fuci, 558. 



Funchal, great floods at, 415. 



Fuller's earth, 725. 



Fungi, 550, 551. 



Gailenreuth Cave, 254 ; section of, 255. 



Galapagos islands, the, 582. 



Galaxy, the. See Milky Way. 



Galileo, his birth and career, 29 ; ad 

 vances the system of Copernicus, 29 ; 

 discovers the four satellites of Jupiter, 

 29 ; discovers, though imperfectly, 

 the peculiar structure of Saturn, and 

 the phases of Venus, 30 ; demon 

 strates the earth's rotation, 30; is 

 persecuted for his doctrines, 30 ; and 

 belies himself, 31 ; falls into distress 

 in his latter years, but dies at an 

 advanced age, 31 ; candid apology 

 for, in the mistaken conduct of his 

 persecutors, 31; observes a nebulosity, 

 185. 



Ganges, the river, 280, 281, 294, 370 ; 

 mouth of the, 302 ; contrasted with 

 the Jumna, 325 ; gavial of the, 579, 

 690, 723, 729 ; raft-islands at the 

 mouth of the, 593. 



Garonne, the river, 280, 549. 



Garnet, 659. 



Gas, irrespirable, formed in caverns, 

 255 ; at the Grotto del Cane, 255 ; at 

 St Leger, in Dunsthohle, and in 

 Java, 256. 



Gases, the five elementary, C22. 



Gassendi, the celebrated, 133. 



Gault, 732, et al. 



Gavial of the Ganges, the, 579, 590, 

 723 729 



Gay-Lussac, M., 242, 463. 



Gant, mountain of the, 648. 



Gemini, or constellation of the Twins, 

 150. 



Gemma, Cornelius, 527. 



