804 



Thoresby, Mr, 535. 

 Thucydides, 433. 



Thunder-storm, phenomena of a, and 

 its influences on the animal creation, 

 516. 

 Tiber, mouth of the river, 399 ; served 



as a drainer, 427. 



Tidal action on the British coasts, 372. 

 Tides and oceanic highways, chapter 

 on the, 349369; distinction of 

 waves, tides, and currents, 349 ; 

 tides, operation of, 352 ; causes of, 

 surmised before Newton, but first 

 demonstrated by him, 352 ; explana 

 tion of, with diagrams and chart, 

 353 357 ; various phenomena of, 

 357 359; currents, their operation, 

 359 ; Gulf Stream, 360, 362 ; arctic 

 current, 360 ; stream-currents, 361 ; 

 equatorial, 362364 ; effects of ocean- 

 currents on navigation, 364; under 

 currents, 365 367 ; shore-currents, 

 367 369 ; general observations on 

 tides and currents, 369. 

 Tierra del Fuego, notices of, 211, 556, 



596, 697. 



Tiger, the, 584, 590. 

 Tigris, subterranean course of the 

 river, 291 ; its periodical risings, 294. 

 Tilestone strata, 682, 683. 

 Tilgate forest, bones of fossil reptiles 



in, 642, 730. 

 Timber trees, varieties and ages of, 



549. 



Titan's Piazza, view of, 626. 

 Titicaca, lake of, 312. 

 Tivoli, ravages of the Anio at, 41 6. 

 Toadstone, 655. 

 Tooth of the mastodon, 754. 

 Torpedo, the, 575. 

 Torrid zone, vegetation of the, 553 



557. 



Tortoises, 579. 

 Totten, Colonel, 774. 

 Tournefort attempts to ascend Ararat, 

 203 ; his description of the grotto of 

 Antiparos, 247 ; of the vegetation of 

 Ararat, 557. 



Touraine, geology of, 747. 

 Tourmaline, 649. 



To WE, vale of the, 668 ; view of, 671. 



Trachytic rock, 655, 650 ; lava, 656. 



Trade-winds, 438 442. 



Transit instrument, invention of the, 



32 ; Boomer's observations with it, 



35. 



Trappean rocks, 651 655. 



Trees, their importance to man, 546 ; 



size and age of, 549 ; beauty and 



luxuriance of the tropical, 553557 ; 



fossil, 703. 



Trent, the river, 283 ; red marly banks 



of, 711. 

 Treuil coal-mine, vein of fossil trees 



in, 704. 

 Triassic and Permian systems, C38 ; 



chapter on the, 707-716. 

 Tribbipch, valleys of, 653. 

 Trilobites, description and illustrations 



of, 671, 672, 674. 

 Trinidad, bituminous springs around 



and in the island of, 275. 

 Tripergoli, ancient site of, 403. 

 Tristan d' Acunha, island of, 581. 

 Trolhetta, description and view of the 



great falls of, 285. 



Tropics, hurricanes in the, 451 ; alter 

 nations of rain and drought in the, 

 470 ; beautiful plumage of the birds 

 of the, 582 ; qualities of animals in 

 the, 584 ; colours of animals in the, 

 601 ; climate of the, always deadly to 

 Europeans, 608. 

 Trosachs, the, 659. 

 Tufa, or travertin, 778. 

 Tulloch, Major, his statistics, 608. 

 Tunnel, Thames, 741. 

 Turner's Falls, Massachusetts, slab 

 found at, 715. 



INDEX. 



Tuzla, lake of, 312. 



Twilight, duration of, 50. 



Tyrolese Alps, characteristics and view 

 of the, 490. 



Tycho Brah, his birth and education, 

 22 ; rejects the Ptolemean and 

 Copernican systems, and forms one 

 of his own, 22 ; explanation of his 

 views, 23 ; a better practical than 

 theoretical astronomer, 24 ; his ob 

 servations and labours detailed, 24 ; 

 his castle of Uraniberg, in the island 

 of Hoi'ne, 25, 26 ; becomes an exile, 

 and settles at Prague, where he dies, 

 26 ; laid the basis of the discovery of 

 the universe's laws, 33. 



Ulloa, Don Antonio, 527, 533. 



Ulugh Beigh, a Tartar prince and astro 

 nomer, 18 ; his catalogue of the 

 stars, 158. 



Umbelliferous plants, botanical region 

 of the, 560. 



Undercliff, Isle of Wight, view and 

 characteristics of, 391, 392. 



Under-currents, 365307. 



Undulation, valleys of, illustrated, 630. 



Undulatory movement of the Swiss and 

 Italian lakes, 320. 



United States, climate of the, 494, 496, 

 497 ; tertiary deposits of the, 739, 

 751, 752 ; boulders of the, 761, ct al.; 

 springs of, 777, 778. 



Unities, various, of the solar system, 

 104. 



Unity of the human race, 605, 607, 609. 



Universe, the physical, has no limits 

 known to man, 48. 



Unstratifled rocks, 408 ; are of igneous 

 origin, 625 ; compose the bulk of the 

 earth's interior, 635. 



Upheavings of the ancient world, 629, 

 et al.; of unstratifled through strati- 

 fled rocks, illustrated, 631. 



Ural river, 317 ; mountains, 645, 649 ; 

 gold found in the, 634. 



Uranus, or Herschel, the planet, its 

 distance from the sun, 101 ; when 

 first observed, 101 ; length of its 

 day and year, 101 ; has six satellites, 

 their anomalous movements, 101, 

 191 ; amount of light and heat re 

 ceived by, 102 ; area and solid con 

 tents of, 102 ; inclination of, to the 

 earth, 104 ; density of, 106. 

 Urumiah, great lake of, 313. 



Vadimon lake, now Lago di Bassaniello, 

 318. 



Valais, canton of the, adventure of one 

 of its shepherds, 411 ; cretins of the 

 Lower, 459 ; climate of, 489, 490. 



Valleys and great levels of the earth, 

 217238 ; valleys, divers, 221, 222 ; 

 how formed, 629 ; of elevation and 

 undulation, illustrated, 630. 



Valparaiso, elevation of the coast at, 

 406 ; the wild potato indigenous in, 

 568. 



Van, Lake, 314. 



Variable stars. See stars. 



Varieties of the human species ac 

 counted for, 598, et seq. 



Vegetable tribes, 546 571 ; cultivated, 

 and fruits, account of the introduc 

 tion of various, 567, 5C9 ; carbonate 

 of lime enters into the composition 

 of, 624 ; matter, fossiliferous, 637 ; 

 illustration of, 640. 



Vegetation, luxuriant, of the tropics, 

 653 ; of equinoctial America, 555 

 557, 586 ; not indispensable for the 

 subsistence of large animals, 585, 

 686. 



Veins in strata, 632, 649 ; illustrations 



of granitic, 633, 649 ; metallic, 633. 

 Velocity, mean, of the planets in their 



orbits, 64. 

 Venetz, II., 765. 



Venns, the planet, 64; her distance 

 from the sun, 64, 66 ; is a morning 

 and evening star. 66 ; was once called 

 Hesperus and Vesper, also Phos 

 phorus and Lucifer, 66 ; her periodi 

 cal revolution, 67 ; her size, 67 ; is 

 sometimes crescent and decrescent to 

 the view, 67 ; diagram of her phases, 

 67 ; transits the sun's disc, 68 ; her 

 future transits indicated, 68, 69 ; her 

 supposed physical constitution, 69; 

 superficial appearances, 69 ; inclina 

 tion of, to the earth, 104 ; density of, 

 106. 



Vesta, the planetoid, 91, 190. 

 Vesuvius, Mount, 212, 213, 410, 423 

 430, 444 ; view of, from St Elmo, 

 445 ; snow on, 475 ; plants in the 

 crater of, 547 ; eruption of, in 1794, 

 654 ; eruptions of, 780, 781. 

 Via Lactea. See Milky- Way. 

 Vienna built on tertiary strata, 739. 

 Vince, Professor, 109 ; atmospheric 



phenomena seen by, 637. 

 Vincent, St, volcanic eruption in that 

 island, 441 ; Scotch skipper's adven 

 turous voyage to, 441 ; huge serpent 

 drifted to, 580 ; negroes in, 608. 

 Vines, region of, 491, 505 ; original 



countries of, 568. 



Virgil mentions shooting-stars, 130 ; 

 and Orion, 154 ; cited, 464, 4U7, 468, 

 508, 509, C90. 



Vitality, tenacious, of plant-seeds, 509. 

 Vogel-bergs, or bird-rocks, 580. 

 Volant, view of basaltic rocks on the 



river, 626. 

 Volcanic rocks, 655. 

 Volcano, origin of the term. 209, 433 ; 

 peculiarities of a, 209 ; list of vol 

 canoes, 210 ; account of a huge vol 

 cano in Hawaii, 210 ; and of another 

 in Sumbawa, 210 ; volcanoes in 

 South America, 211 ; Cotopaxi, 211 ; 

 various chains of volcanoes, 212 ; 

 Italian and other volcanoes, 212 ; 

 reflections, 213 ; volcanoes of Jorullo, 

 239, 240, 426; of Etna, 240, 426; 

 changes caused by, 423 430; by 

 Vesuvius, 423425 ; Skaptar Yokul, 

 425 ; Roman, 427 ; in Auvergne, 427 

 429 ; at Catecucaumene, 429, 430 ; 

 origin of, 433 ; phenomena of, 654 ; 

 erupted matter of volcanoes, 779 

 783. 

 Volga, the seventy mouths of the river, 



302 ; its source, 312. 

 Volney, M., his account of the simoom 



in Egypt, 447. 



Vosges mountains, situation and geo 

 logy of the, 708. 



Volta, M., his theory of hail, 478. 

 Vulcanists, the followers of Hutton, 

 618. 



Wacke, a species of basalt, 653. 



Wales, slate-rocks of, illustrated, 630 ; 

 geology of, 662, et al. 



Wallis, Dr, surmised the true causes 

 of tides, 352. 



Ward, Dr, 713. 



Warm regions, climate of, 505. 



Washington, crumbling stone of the 

 Capitol at, 620. 



Water, the five great basins of, 197; its 

 different states, 259 ; amount of, 

 discharged by the principal rivers in 

 the world, 303 ; colour of lake, 322, 

 331 ; of oceanic, 330332 ; move 

 ment of sea, 349 ; action of frozen, 

 408 ; amount of, annually evapo 

 rated in Britain, 462 ; is formed of 

 oxygen and hydrogen, 622. 



Waterloo Bridge, its two granites, 

 644. 



Waterspouts, account of, with an illus 

 tration, 457, 458. 



Watson, Eev. J., 451. 



Watt, Mr Gregory, 627. 



