52 YALE AGRICULTURAL LECTURES. 



than this number of buds, it is a cane, except when peculiar 

 circumstances give it a special name. When two shoots 

 spring from a stump near the ground, and are destined to have 

 bearing shoots grown from them, they are termed thighs; and 

 such when laid horizontally are sometimes called arms. The 

 objects of pruning are : 1st. To restrain the roots and branches 

 within convenient limits for cultivation. 2d. To concentrate 

 the strength of the vine, and not suffer the production of use 

 less wood and foliage. 3d. To get just enough wood to bear 

 full crops of good fruit, and plan its distribution with reference 

 to the health of the vine. There are three kinds of buds the 

 primaries, which come at the axils of the leaves, or where the 

 footstalk joins the shoot, and which in bearing-vines are the 

 fruit-buds one season, and the next produce the shoots on which 

 fruit is borne ; the secondaries, which come on the side shoots, 

 or laterals, and which are removed in summer pruning ; and the 

 adventitious buds, which are unseen, until they burst through 

 the bark of the former year's wood. They are called wood 

 shoots, as they produce no fruit except in a few varieties of 

 remarkable productiveness. A bunch is a productive tendril ; 

 a tendril an abortive bunch. The points or ends of bunches 

 should be cut off, as this causes a complete ripening and sweet 

 ening of the upper grapes, and prevents the growing of shriv 

 elled berries at the point, which is a sheer waste of substance. 

 If a vine is left to itself to grow, the tendency of vitality is up 

 ward, the fruit gets beyond our reach, has a coarse quality and 

 a woody flavor, while the buds near the ground soon perish, 

 and no after care can revitalize them. It is scarcely possible 

 to fix the duration of a well-set vineyard ; it may as well last 

 one thousand as one hundred, or a score of years. The vine 

 needs moisture ever, wetness never. Nitrogenous manures are 

 good if well rotted and composted, for they attract moisture, 

 and a well-prepared grape border is never dry in even the hot 

 test seasons. 



In the evening the Doctor was put upon the stand and sub- 



