114 SAVAGE SURVIVALS 



and general conformity to the rules and usages 

 of the tribe in its social, religious, and political 

 organizations. Those virtues are more or less 

 tribal in their extent. Toward outsiders, hatred, 

 cruelty, intolerance, deception, robbery, and even 

 murder are encouraged and approved. The per- 

 sonal virtues of temperance, prudence, modesty, 

 industry, self-control, cleanliness, and the desire 

 for self -improvement come later in human devel- 

 opment. The virtues of humanity, justice, char- 

 ity, gratitude, humanitarianism, and the desire 

 for progress are also post-tribal in development. 



There are savages and near-savages. Human 

 beings representing a considerable range in devel- 

 opment and culture are called savages. And 

 many so-called " savages'' show a higher grade of 

 character and intelligence than is shown by the 

 instances mentioned in this lesson. But, since 

 men have come from lower animals, there must 

 have been intermediate beings between those low- 

 er animal forms and the savages existing today 

 that were even lower and more animal-like than 

 those cited here. 



