OF ORGANIZED BEINGS. 407 



their easy submission and their temerity Horns are the 

 only weapons of defence with which they are provided. 

 We should naturally infer the character of their disposi- 

 tions from the configuration of their bodies, and the 

 nature of their food ; for it must be obvious to all, that 

 the diversities of taste and disposition in different ani- 

 mals, arise from a physical cause, depending upon the 

 structure and formation of their bodies. 



The camel and dromedary, in addition to the fore_ sto- 

 machs common to the ruminating tribe, are furnished 

 with a bag or reservoir for the purpose of holding or con- 

 veying water. This reservoir is capable of containing a 

 large quantity of water, and it can remain in it in as 

 pure and limpid a state as when taken from the well : for 

 no impurities of the body have access to it. When the 

 camel is thirsty or has occasion to moisten his cud, by a 

 simple contraction of a certain muscle, he is enabled to 

 force the water into the first stomach, or even as far as 

 the mouth. By this simple but curious formation, the 

 camel is able to travel the sandy desert without drinking. 

 Both their constitution and their structure are admirably 

 adapted to the climate where they are produced, and to 

 the uses which are made of them. The Arabians con- 

 sider them as gifts sent from heaven, without whose as- 

 sistance they could neither traffic or travel. 



Birds have three stomachs. The food after it passes 

 through the membranous tube that leads from the mouth, 

 goes into the first stomach, where it is mixed with and 

 acted upon by the fluid that is secreted by its coats. 

 After it has been partly digested, it passes into the second 

 stomach, and so on to the third, which is called the giz- 

 zard or true stomach, which consists of two very strong 

 muscles lined with a thick and firm membrane. There 

 are some birds (as for instance, rooks and pigeons) that 

 have the power of throwing their food up from their first 

 stomachs in a half digested state, for the purpose of 

 feeding their young. Birds, like quadrupeds, are divided 

 into herbivorous and carnivorous, and their dispositions 

 and manners correspond to the formation of their bodies, 

 and the food they require. Carnivorous birds have 

 smaller stomachs than granivorous. Their wings are 



