MAN, PHYSICALLY CONSIDERED. 459 



forehead is low, and the face broad and flat, with fea- 

 tures nearly running together ; the cheek bones wide 

 and projecting ; the chin prominent with large ears and 

 thick lips. In general the stature of this race is infe- 

 rior to that of the Caucasian. This class includes the 

 tribes of central and northern Asia ; the Laplanders 

 and the tribes of Esquimaux in the northern part of 

 America. 



3. The American. This variety includes all the abo- 

 riginal inhabitants of the American continent excepting 

 the Esquimaux. This class is characterised by a dark 

 orange, or copper colored skin ; the hair is black, thick 

 and coarse ; the cheek bones high and expanded ; the 

 eye deeply seated, the forehead low, and the upper part 

 of the face broad; the general expression of counte- 

 nance and the form of the head much resembles the 

 Mongolian tribes. ' In the natives of Nootka Sound,' 

 says Cook, ' the visage of most is round and full, and 

 sometimes also broad, with high prominent cheeks ; 

 and above these the face is frequently much depressed, 

 or seems fallen in quite across between the temples ; the 

 nose also flattening at its base, with pretty wide nostrils 

 and a rounded point.' This variety appears to be com- 

 posed of several classes very considerably differing from 

 each other. With some the complexion is almost white, 

 with others almost black. It has by some been asserted 

 that these tribes have no beard, but this is incorrect. 

 They all have beards, but it- is weak, and many of them 

 pluck it out by the roots. , 4 



4. Ethiopian. The characteristics of this variety are 

 very distinctly defined. They are, hair black and mool- 

 ly ; head long and narrow ; projecting cheek bones ; eyes 

 prominent ; the nose broad, thick, flat and confounded 

 with the upper jaw; the front tenth obliquely placed; 

 the lips very thick ; the chin recedes, and the knees in 

 many instances turn in. This variety is found all over 

 western and southern Africa ; upon the coast of Mada- 

 gascar and New Holland, and in the islands of Van 

 Diemens land, New Caledonia and New Guinea. Indeed 

 negro tribes have been fouud in all the regions of the 

 torrid zone except America. There are however diver- 



