48 NOTES ON DOCKS AND DOCK CONSTRUCTION. 



of whole-timber piles driven close together and tied together by 

 walings corresponding in number and position with those fixed 

 to the dam, and secured by long bolts which passed through to 

 the outer face of the dam. Before the water was excluded, 

 horizontal and raking struts were fixed, abutting against piles 



PLAN 



FIG. 33. 



driven into the solid ground and backed with rubble stones. 

 In Figs. 34, 35, the shores across the width of the work were 

 horizontal, and abutted against walings of whole timber bolted 

 to pairs of piles driven into the solid ground beyond the line of 

 the foundations. These coupled piles were placed at intervals 



SECTION 

 FIG. 34. 



of 18 feet from centre to centre, and were strengthened by three 

 back-struts to each pair. These back-struts rested against a 

 row of piles driven into the slope of the embankment filling. 

 To the piles deals were fixed so as to admit of their being 

 backed up with earth and clay to the level of the upper struts. 



