CHAPTER IV. 



Water in foundations Castings for covering boils Necessity of ample pumping 

 p 0wer Lock foundations, Albert Docks, Hull Avonmouth Lock foundations 

 Stopping leaks Somerset Dock, Malta Stock ramming Stopping joints in 

 block- work. 



THE best method of dealing with water in connection with 

 foundations is, perhaps, one of the most difficult problems in 

 practical engineering. There are no golden rules, or royal road 

 that can be followed ; every case must be dealt with according 

 to its own conditions. 



Whenever it is possible to dry a foundation at a not 

 prohibitory cost, it is desirable to do so. In such a case the 

 points mainly to be kept in view are to put all the sumps well 

 down, so that the water may be kept always below the work, 

 and at the outset to provide ample pumping power, in duplicate 

 if possible. Pumps and boilers cannot be expected to work 

 continuously. Stoppages must take place periodically for 

 cleaning, petty repairs, and adjustments; and if the pumping 

 appliances are pressed constantly at their full power the risk of 

 serious breakdown is augmented. 



It is wiser and more economical generally to incur a liberal 

 expenditure in this direction in the first instance, than by 

 stinting the pumping appliances to run the risk of an important 

 work being stopped, perhaps at a critical time, while additional 

 pumps are being fixed. 



Stopping leaks is also an important matter, whether in 

 connection with temporary or permanent work. The best 

 preparation for dealing with such difficulties is a knowledge 

 of what has been done in this connection, and the methods 

 which have been successfully adopted under different conditions. 



Lock Foundations, Albert Docks, Hull. 1 The following par- 

 ticulars abridged from a paper by Mr. J. C. Hawkshaw, M.I.C.E , 

 1 M.P.I.C.E., vol. xli. p. 98. 





UNIVERSITY or TORONTO 



