CHAPTER V. 



Dock and Quay walls Angle of repose of different materials Actual lateral pressure 

 of earthwork Experiments made at Chatham Experiments made by Sir 

 B. Baker Use of counterforts Backing to walls Curved batter to walls 

 Depth of water alongside Veneering Quay walls, Greenore Buckey dock 

 walls Basin walls at Alexandra Dock, Hull Calais basin walls Southampton 

 tiilal basin walls Wharf wall on river front, New York Cylinders used at 

 Glasgow Walls on the Danube At Bordeaux, Bombay, Rouen, Gourock, 

 Brest, Fiume, Dublin, Greenock, Spezzia, at the mouth of the Rhone Pola 

 basin walls Timber wharfing. 



A KNOWLEDGE of the actual pressure of earthwork is of the 

 greatest importance. It affects not only the stability of retain- 

 ing-walls generally, but the strength of tunnel linings, the 

 timbering of shafts, tunnel headings, deep trenches for retaining- 

 walls, and many other works of a like character and everyday 

 practice. 



In no branch of engineering is there such a lack of exact 

 experimental data as that referring to the actual lateral pressure 

 and strains to which retaining-walls are subjected, or one in 

 which the individual judgment has to be exercised so fully as 

 in the design and construction, a fact which is greatly ac- 

 centuated in the case of dock and quay walls. 



The mass which it is theoretically understood a wall has 

 to support, is shown by Fig. 69, where a b is the vertical height 



a , t{ of a wall, backed up by a material 



having a natural slope or angle of 

 repose which is indicated by the 

 line b d. If, however, the wall 

 were to be removed, the backing 

 would not fall away to the full 

 extent of the natural slope b d, but 

 along a line of rupture bisecting the 

 angle of repose, as b c ; therefore the maximum thrust which the 



