WALL SECTIONS ON PILES. 



127 



The inclined bracing-piles (Figs. 94, 95), driven between 

 the vertical piles, were placed at distances of 3 feet from centre 

 to centre, and at an inclination of two vertical to one hori- 

 zontal. These bracing- piles were cut off at the same level as 

 the rear vertical piles, and notched to receive longitudinal 

 timbers 12 inches square (Fig. 94). 



The vertical piles were braced together at a depth of 1C 

 feet 6 inches below low water by binding-frames formed of two 

 fir timbers 10 inches by 5 inches placed one above the other, 



PLAN OF BINDING FRAME. 



o 



FIG. 95. 



and secured to oak beams 8 inches square placed outside the 

 front and rear rows of piles (Fig. 94). 



Oak treenails were used for all fastenings, so that the whole 

 represents a structure built without metal of any kind. ^ 



After the piles were driven, filling, consisting of cobble stones, 

 gravel, and rip-rap, was deposited round and between the piles 

 in layers. Masses of the same material were also deposited at 

 the front and rear. This heavy material sinking into the mud 



