34 METAPHYSICS. 



and whence that principle is, they do not seem to 

 have made up their minds. 



Hindoo notion of Fate. 



The objects of man may apparently be obtained by 

 mortal efficacy ; but that is fate : for when you speak 

 of human qualities, you give that name to destiny. 

 At the same time, ease is not the source of ease, nor 

 can it be enjoyed without exertion. 



Sophistry. 



What is it constitutes a bald man? Being without 

 hair. If one hair remains, is he still so ? Certainly. 

 If two, three, four, &c. ? Then one hair makes a 

 man bald or not. In the same way one sheep will 

 make a flock, and one grain the exact measure of a 

 bushel. 



Epimenides has said that all the Cretans are liars ; 

 but being a Cretan himself he lied ; he lied when he 

 said so. Then the Cretans are not all liars; then 

 Epimenides has not lied ; then the Cretans are liars, 

 &c. 



You have what you have not lost; you have not 

 lost horns ; therefore you have horns. 



If, when you speak the truth, you say you lie, you 

 lie ; but you say you lie when you speak the truth ; 

 therefore speaking the truth you lie. 



Example of a Sorites* 



Themistocles used the following argument to prove 

 that his little son, under ten years of age, governed 

 the whole world. 



My son governs his mother; his mother governs 

 me; I, the Athenians; the Athenians, the Greeks; 



-* A Sorites is an accumulative syllogism, or one heaped on 

 another. 







