POPULATION. 153 



from the largeness of the subject, and the vague and 

 false notions that prevail with respect to the efficacy 

 of emigration, could make persons doubt the sound- 

 ness of the principle. 



Checks to Population. 



These are resolvable into moral restraint, vice, 

 and misery. 



Moral restraint. Abstinence from marriage and a 

 strictly moral conduct towards the sex in the interval. 

 All other checks resolve themselves into some form 

 of vice or misery. 



The distress from a redundant population is 

 brought home to the feelings of the higher classes 

 by the difficulty which they find in supporting their 

 families in the same rank of life with themselves. 



Unceasing increase is evidently inconsistent with 

 limited space. 



Rome. 



Gibbon estimated the population of Rome, in the 

 time of Trajan, at 1,118,000 souls. 



Paris. 



In A. D. 1816, the annual food of each inhabitant 

 of Paris was 693 pounds English; of which vegetable 

 food, &c. was 469, and animal food, comprehending 

 meat, fish, butter, eggs, fruit, and garden esculents 

 of all sorts, 224 Ibs. English. 



Old Countries. 



No application of knowledge or ingenuity, no ef- 

 forts either of the rich or poor, or both in the form 

 of contributions, or in any other way, can possibly 

 place the labouring classes of society in such a state 

 as to enable them to marry generally at the same 

 age, in an old and fully-peopled country like Eng- 

 land, as they may do with perfect safety and advan- 

 tage in a new one. 



