208 ON THE STATE OF IRELAND. [BOOK II. 



menced by the confiscation of the property of a 

 clergy living in celibacy, and its transference to a 

 clergy who were married and burdened with fami- 

 lies from the moment that the rich, both Ca- 

 tholics and Protestants, were obliged to quit the 

 country the establishment of small public-houses 

 was the natural result. The lower classes, being 

 unable to incur the same expenses as the higher 

 classes, were separated from them. The public- 

 houses became the resort of dangerous assem- 

 blages, and in every case their gain has been the 

 loss of the family. 



