BAT 



24 



BAT 



to be of pure ((old, chased nnd pierced, and to be worn 

 l.y the knight-rlcct. pendant from a red riband placed 

 obliquely O\CT the^ight shoulder. The collar to be of gold, 

 weighing thirty ounces troy weight, and composed of nine 

 anperial crowns, and eight roses, thistles, and shamrocks 

 i; from a sceptre, enamelled in their proper colours, 

 tied or linked together by seventeen gold knots, enamelled 

 white, and having the badge of the order pendant from it. 

 The star to consist of three imperial crowns of gold, sur- 

 rounded with the motto of the order upon a circle gules, 

 with a glory or ray issuing from the centre, to be embroi- 

 dered on the left side of the upper garment. 



The installation dress was ordered to be a surcoat of white 

 satin, a mantle of crimson satin lined with%hite, tied at the 

 neck with a cordon of crimson silk and gold, with gold 

 tassels, and the star of the order embroidered on the led 

 shoulder; a white silk hat, adorned with a standing plume 

 of white ostrich feathers; white leather boots, edged and 

 heeled ; spurs of crimson and gold ; and a sword in a white 

 leather scabbard, with cross hilts of gold. 



Each knight was to be allowed throe esquires, who are to 

 be gentlemen of blood, bearing coat-armour ; and who, 

 during the term of their several lives, ore entitled to all the 

 privileges and exemptions enjoyed by the esquires of the 

 sovereign's body, or the gentlemen of the privy chamber. 



In 1815, the Prince Regent, being desirous to comme- 

 morate the auspicious termination of the long and arduous 

 contests in which the empire had been engaged, and of 

 marking, in an especial manner, his sense of the valour, 

 perseverance, and devotion manifested by the officers of the 

 king's forces by sea and land, thought fit to advance the 

 splendour and extend the limits of the Order of the Bath : 

 upon which occasion his Royal Highness, by virtue of the 

 royal prerogative, was pleased to ordain that thenceforward 

 the order should be composed of three classes, differing in 

 their ranks and degrees of dignity. 



The first class to consist of knights grand crosses, which 

 designation was to be substituted for that of knights com- 

 panions previously used. The knights grand crosses, with 

 the exception of princes of the blood-royal holding high 

 commissions in the army and navy, not to exceed seventy- 

 two in number; whereof a number not exceeding twelve 

 iiii^ht be nominated in consideration of services rendered in 

 civil or diplomatic employments. To distinguish the mili- 

 tary and naval officers upon whom the first class of the said 

 order was then newly conferred, it was directed that they 

 should bear upon the ensign or star, and likewise upon the 

 bodge of the order, the addition of a wreath of laurel en- 

 circling the motto, and issuing from an escrol inscribed 

 Ich dien ; and the dignity of the first class to be at no time 

 conferred upon persons who had not attained the rank of 

 major-general in the army, or rear-admiral in the navy. 



The second class was to be composed of knights com- 

 manders, who were to have precedence of all knights 

 bachelors of the United Kingdom: the number, in tin 1 

 first instance, not to exceed one hundred and eighty, ex- 

 clusive of foreign officers holding British commissions, of 

 whom a number not exceeding ten may be admitted into 

 the second class as honorary knights commanders ; but in 

 the event of actions of signal distinction, or of future wars, 

 the number of knights commanders may be increased. No 

 person to be eligible as a knight commander who does not, 

 at the time of his nomination, hold a commission in his 

 Majesty'* army or navy ; such commission not being below 

 the rank of lieutenant-colonel in the army, or of post-captain 

 in the navy. By a subsequent regulation in 1815 no per- 

 son is now eligible to the class of K.C.B. unless he have 

 attained the rank of major-general in the army or rear- 

 admiral in the navy. Each knight commander to wear his 

 appropriate badge or cognizance, pendent by a red riband 

 round the neck, and bis appropriate star, embroidered on 

 the left side of his upper vestment. For the greater honour 

 of this class, it was further ordained that no officer of his 

 Majesty's army or navy was thenceforward to be nominated 

 to the dignity of a knight grand cross who had not been 

 appointed previously a knight commander of the order. 



The third class to be composed of officers holding com- 

 missions in bis Majesty's service by sea or land, who shall 

 be styled companions of the said order; not to be entitled 

 t the appellation, style, or precedence of knights bachelors, 

 but to Uke precedence and place of all esquires of the Umi. ! 

 Kingdom. No officer to be nominated a companion of the 

 order unless he shall previously have received a medal or 

 other badge of honour, or shall have been specially men- 



tioned by name in despatches published in the London 

 Gazette as having distinguished himself. 



The bulletin announcing the re-modelling of the Order 

 of the Bath was dated Whitehall. January -', 1 .^15. 



By another bulletin, dated Whitehall, January G, 1815, 

 the Prince Regent, acting in the name and on behalf of 

 his Majesty, having taken into consideration the eminent 

 services which had been rendered to the empire by the 

 officers in the service of the Honourable East India Com- 

 pany, ordained that fifteen of the most distinguished offi- 

 cers of that service, holding commissions from his Ma- 

 jesty not below that of lieutenant-colonel, might be raised 

 to the dignity of knights commanders of the Bath, exclu- 

 sive of the number of knights commanders belonging to 

 his Majesty's forces by sea and land who hod been nomi- 

 nated by the ordinance of January 2. In the event of future 

 wars, and of actions of signal distinction, the said number 

 of fifteen to be increased. His Royal Highness further or- 

 dained that certain other officers of the same sen ice, holding 

 his Majesty's commission, might be appointed companions 

 of the Order of the Bath, in consideration of eminent scrxices 

 rendered in action with the enemy ; and that the said officers 

 should enjoy all the rights, privileges, and immunities se- 

 cured to the third class of the said order. 



(See Observations introductory to an Historical Essay 

 ttpon the Knighthood of the Hath, by John Anstis, 

 4to. Lend. 1 725 ; Selden's Title* of Honour, fol. Loud. 1 6 7 1 .'. 

 pp. 678, 679; Camdcn's Britannia, fol. Lond. 1637, p. 1 r.'; 

 Sandford's Genealog. Hist. fol. 1707, pp. 267, 431. 501, 562, 

 578 ; J. C. Dithmari, Comtnentatio de Honoratissimo Or- 

 dine de Balneo, fol. Franc, ad Viad. 1729; Mrs. S. S. 

 Banks'* Collections on the Order of the Bath, MSS. Brit. 

 Mus. ; Statutes of the Order of the Bath, -Ito. Lond. 1 /-' i. 

 repr. with additions in 1812; Bulletins of the Campaign 

 1815, pp. 1-18.) 



BATH, a place for the purpose of washing the body, 

 either with hot, warm, or cold water: the word is derived 

 from the Saxon bafc. The Greek name is balaneion (0X0- 

 viiov), of which the Roman balineum, or balneum, is only a 

 slight variation : the elements bal and bad in the Greek 

 and English words are evidently related. The public baths 

 of the Romans were generally called Thermer, which lite- 

 rally means ' warm waters.' 



The bath was also in common use among the Greeks, 

 though we are not well acquainted with the construction 

 and economy of their bathing-places. At Athens there 

 were both private and public baths: the public baths appear 

 to have been the property of individuals, who kept them for 

 their own profit or let them to others. ( See ISICUR, On the 

 Inheritance of Dicteogenes, cap. vi. : ditto of Philoctemon, 

 cap. vi.) Lucian, in his Hippian (vol. iii. ed. Hemsterh.), 

 has given a description of a magnificent bath. Though he 

 does not tell us whether it was built in the Roman or the 

 Greek style, we may safely conclude that he is speaking of 

 a bath in a Greek city. His description is not precise enough 

 to render it certain that this bath in its details agrees with 

 those of Rome and Pompeii ; but the general design and 

 arrangement appear to be nearly the same. 



We learn from Seneca that the Roman baths were 

 very simple, even mean and dark, in the time of Scipio 

 Africanus ; and it was not until the age of Agrippa, and 

 the emperors after Augustus, that they were built and 

 finished in a style of luxury almost incredible. Seneca 

 (Epist. Ixxxvi.), who inveighs against this luxury, observes 

 that ' a person was held to be poor and sordid whose baths 

 did not shine with a profusion of the most precious mate- 

 rials, the marbles of Egypt inlaid with those of Nuinidia ; 

 unlos the walls were laboriously stuccoed in imitation of 

 painting ; unless the chambers were covered with glass, the 

 basins with the rareThasian stone, and the water convened 

 through silver pipes.' These it appears were the luxuries 

 of plebeian baths. Those of frcedmcn had ' a profusion of 

 statues, a number of columns supporting nothing, placed as 

 an ornament merely on account of the expense : the water 

 murmuring down steps, and the floor of precious stones.' 

 (Sen. Kpist. Ixxxvi.) These baths of which Seneca speaks 

 were private baths. 



Amminnus Marccllimis reckons sixteen public baths in 

 Rome. The chief were those of Agrippa, Nero, Titus, 

 Domitian, Antoninus Caracalla, and Diocletian. These 

 edifices, <IiflVriiiK, of course, in magnitude and splendour, 

 and in the details of the arrangement, were all construoinl 

 on a common plan. They tood among extensive gardens 

 and walks, and were often surrounded by a portico. The 



