BAT 



27 



B A T 



covered in part by a roof; the rafters of the roof rested at 

 one end on tho Literal walls, and at the other on two co- 

 lumns, constructed with small pieces of stone. From hence 

 a very small staircase led to the furnaces, and to the upper 

 part of the baths. Another led to the small room, called 



the prcefurnium, into which projects the mouth of a furnace. 

 In this room were the attendants on the furnace, or stokers 

 (fornacarii), whose duty it was to keep up the fires. Here 

 was found a quantity of pitch, used by the furnace-men to 

 enliven the flres the stairs in the room (25) led up to tho 



[Section of the CaUarium of the Men's Baths.] 



1, Window; 2, a circular aperture by which tho temperature was regulated; 3, another window; 4, Laconicum ; 5, a place for a lamp; 6, Labnini ; 

 7. Leaden pipe through which the water of the Labrum was either introduced or marte its escape ; 8, Hollow walls of the Caldarium; 9, Hollow pavement 

 covered with Mosaic; 10, Small piers which support the pavement; 11, The communication between the hollow pavement and the furnace; 12, Hot Bath; 

 13, Steps to ascend the bath. ( iltaeo Barbonico, vol. ii.) 



coppers. The third entrance led from the apodyterium of 

 the men's baths by means of a corridor (23). There is no 

 communication between these furnaces and the bath of the 

 women, which was heated from them. The furnace was 

 round, and had in the lower part of it two pipes, which trans- 

 mitted hot air under the pavements, and between the walls 

 of the vapour-baths, which were built hollow for that purpose. 

 Close to the furnace, at the distance of four inches, a round 

 vacant space still remains, in which was placed the copper 

 (caldarium) for boiling water ; near which, with the same 

 interval between them, was situated the copper for warm 

 water (tepidarium) ; and at the distance of two feet from 

 this was the receptacle (30) for cold water (frigidarium), 

 which was square, and plastered round the interior, liko the 

 piscina or reservoir. A constant communication was main- 

 tained between these vessels, so that as fast as hot water 

 WHS drawn off from the caldarium, the void was supplied 

 from the tepidarium, which being already considerably 

 heated, did but slightly reduce the temperature of the hotter 

 boiler. The tepidarium in its turn was supplied from the 

 piscina, and that from the aqueduct. The t-n:;s frigida- 

 rium, tepidarium, and caldarium were applied to the apart- 

 ments in which the cold, tepid, and hot-baths were placed, 

 as well as to tho vessels already described under these re- 

 spective names. The furnace and the coppers were placed 

 between the men's baths and the women's baths, as near 

 as possible to both, to avoid the waste of heat consequent 

 on transmitting the fluids through a length of pipe. The 

 coppers and reservoir were elevated considerably above the 

 baths, to cause the water to flow more rapidly into them. 



The men's bath had three public entrances (3,12,17). 

 Entering at the principal one (12), which opens to the street 

 leading to the forum, we descend three steps into the (5) 

 vestibule, cortile, or portico of the baths, along three sides of 

 which runs a portico (ambulacrum). The seats (8), which 

 are arranged round the walls, were for the slaves who ac- 

 companied their masters to the baths, and for the servants 

 of the baths themselves, to whom also the apartment (9) 

 appears to have been appropriated. In this court was found 

 the box for the quadrans, or piece of money, which was paid 

 by each bather. Another door (17) leads to the same ves- 

 tibule by means of a corridor. From the Street of the Arch 

 (55) we proceed through the passage (17) into the apodyte- 

 rium, or undressing-room [14), which is also accessible by 

 another corridor (13) from a street called the street of the 

 arch : a vast number of lamps were found here. Tho ceiling 

 of this passage is decorated with stars. The apodyterium has 

 three seats, made of lava, with a step to place the feet on ; 

 holes still remain in the wall, in which (it is conjectured) pegs 

 were fixed for the bothers to hang their clothes upon. This 

 room is highly decorated with stuccoed ornaments, relieved 

 by colour. In the centre of the end of the room is a small 

 opening or recess, once covered with a piece of glass ; in this 

 recess, as is plain I 1 urn the appearance of smoke, a lamp has 

 been placed. In the archivolt, or vaulted roof, immediately 

 'above, is a window two feet eight inches high, and three 



feet eight inches broad, closed by a single pane of cast glass 

 two-fifths of an inch thick, fixed into the wall, and ground 

 on one side : the floor is paved with white marble worked 

 in mosaic, and the ceiling divided into pannels. In this 

 room there are six doors, one leading to the prsefurnium, 

 another into a small room, perhaps designed for a wardrobe, 

 the third by a narrow passage into the street ; the fourth 

 to the tepidarium ; the fifth to the fri<;idarium ; and the 

 sixth, along the corridor .o the y.'rtibale or portico of tho 

 bath. 



The frigidarium (19), or cold-bath, is a round chamber, 

 with a ceiling in the form of a truncated cone ; near the 

 top is a window from which it was lighted. The plinth, 

 or base of the wall, is entirely of marble, and four niches are 

 disposed round the room at equal distances ; in these niches 

 were seats (scholco) for the convenience of the bathers. 

 The basin (alveus) is twelve feet ten inches in diameter, 

 two feet nine inches deep, and entirely lined with white 

 marble ; two marble steps facilitate the descent into the 

 basin, and at the bottom is a sort of cushion (pulvinus), also 

 of marble, to enable those who bathed to sit down. The 

 water ran into this bath in a copious stream, through a 

 spout or lip of bronze four inches wide, placed in the wall 

 three feet seven inches from tho edge of the basin. At 

 the bottom of the alveus is a small outlet, for the purpose of 

 emptying and cleansing it ; and in the rim there is a waste 

 pipe to carry oflf the superfluous water : like the apodyte- 

 rium, the frigidarium has been highly decorated, and is 

 remarkable for its preservation and beauty. The tepidarium 

 (37), or warm-chamber, adjoining the apodyterium, was so 

 called, from a warm but soft and mild temperature, which 

 prepared the bodies of the bathers for the more intense heat 

 of the vapour and hot-baths, and vice versa, softened the 

 transition from the hot-bath to the external air. This apart- 

 ment is decorated with niches, divided by telam<Jnes [see 

 ATLANTKS]. The room was highly enriched, both with stucco 

 ornaments and colour, and was lighted by a window two 

 feet six inches high and three feet wide, in the bronze 

 frame of which were found set four very beautiful panes of 

 glass, fastened by small nuts and screws, very ingeniously 

 contrived with a view to their being removed at pleasure. 

 In this room a large bronze brazier and three bronze 

 benches were found. A doorway led from the tupidarium 

 into the caldarium, or vapour-bath (39) ; at one end was the 

 laconicum, where a vase (41) for washing the hands and 

 face was placed, called labrum ; on the opposite side of tht 

 room was the hot bath, called lavacrum. Vitruvius, in ex- 

 plaining the structure of the apartments, says, (cap. xi. 

 lib. v.) ' Here should be placed the vaulted sweating-room, 

 twice the length of its width, which should have at one end 

 the laconicum, made as described above, at the other end 

 the hot-bath.' This apartment is exactly as described, 

 twice the length of its width, exclusively of the laconicum 

 at one end, and the hot-bath at the other. The pavement 

 and walls of the whole were made hollow, to admit the heat. 

 Vitruvius nevei mentions the laconicum as beintr separated 



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