BAT 



30 



i; A T 



drawn 1>> Piraneu, Cameron endetvoun to thou DM method 

 adopted by the Romans to heat the large b xlion of water 

 which their , \trniive thornue mutt hare required. 



To have a clear conception of the manner in which this 

 WM executed, it will be necessary to refer to a plate of these 

 two sections. 



. 



ditto. 



[Vim in ihc Floon nd W.1U- [Specimen of Hollow p ave . 

 From Cnim-roii ) menl. From Cameron.] 



' The pastcllum of the therms) of Antoninus Caraoalla 

 was supplied with water by the aqueduct of Antoninus. 

 Two of the arches of this aqueduct are represented at A ; 

 B is a cistern which received the water from tho aqueduct; 

 C is an aperture for permitting the descent of the water from 

 the receptacle to the chamber below ; D is a receptacle with 

 a mosaic pavement, wherein the water was exposed to the 

 heat of the sun ; E is another aperture through which the 

 water passed into the lowest chambers placed immediately 

 over the hj pocaustum ; F, the hypocaustmn ; O O, doors 

 for introducing the fuc4. A transverse section through the 

 mid'lle of the same castellum is given at H. 



' By the plan of this castellum, it appears that there were 

 twenty-eight of these vaulted rooms placed over the hypo- 

 causlum : thry were placed in two rows, fourteen on a side, 

 and had all a communication with each other. The sections 

 show, fhat over these were twenty eight other rooms, having 

 likewise a communication with each other, although only 

 one of them had any communication with the chambers 

 below, through the aperture at E. Upon the top of all was 

 a spacious receptacle, not very deep, but extending the 

 wlmle length of the castellum, in which the water was con- 

 siderably heated by the influence of the sun, before it passed 

 into the several chambers. This receptacle received its 

 water from the cistern B, and not immedintely from the 

 aqueduct. The use of this cistern appears to have eonsi-h <\ 

 in promoting a more gentle flow of the water into the re- 

 ceptacle, that its surface might not be ruffled by the least 

 agitation, as that would very much have counteracted the 

 purposes to which the receptacle was applied, nothing c<m- 

 Intuiting so much as tranquillity in the water to acquire all 

 the ndvantages from the influence of the sun its situation 

 would permit. When there was no offlux from the inferior 

 Hi unbcrs, there could be no demands forwatcr from the re- 

 ceptacle, which would have been liable to overflow were 

 there not an 8|>crtiire in the side of the cistern, through 

 which the water ran off in different direction* from that 

 which was used for bathing. I>uring all this time the 

 water in the receptacle would be in the most perfect stntc of 

 rest The cistern, therefore, answered two material pur- 

 poee*, as it prevented any agitation in the water of the re- 

 ceptacle, and likewise carried off what was superfluous. 

 The twent) -eight vaulted chambers, placed immediately 

 over tho hypocaustum, would now iK-gin to be heated, which 

 h'Mt they would acquire so much the quicker, as only one 

 of them had any communication with the external air by 

 the aperture* (' and K. They therefore evidently we; 

 structcd upon the same principle m 1'apinius's digester, the 

 itrength of the walls and of tho roof being sufficient ! 

 the force of the rarefaction of the air in the water, and e-m- 

 scquently to prevent any loss from evaporation. Tines were 

 still necessary to give the water a heat sufficient for bathing. 

 The arched cbamlwrs were also supplied with Hues, N N, from 



'Snlioni of the Cn.tcllum of Anton'uui Cracalb Fmm Cameron.] 



the hyjrx-austum, and served as a reservoir of tepid water for 

 thosc'bclow. The water they received was likewise, heated 

 by the sun. When tho time for bathing was come, the 

 were turned to admit the hot water from the lower chambers 

 into the labra of the baths, to which it would run with : 

 velocity, and ascend a perpendicular height in the then mi', 

 equal to the surface of the receptacle in the castellum. The 

 current would be accelerated by the great tendency the 

 water would have to expand itself after having been con- 

 fined in the chambers. The pressure of the column of tepid 

 water was equal to, if not greater than the diameter of the 

 column of hot water which ran out from the chambers below. 

 To prevent the water cooling as it passed through the tubes 

 underground, they were all carefully surrounded with flues 

 from the pra-furnium, so that these tubes were in the centre 

 of a funnel, and always considerably heated before the water 

 entered them. Each of these chambers was, within the walls, 

 forty-nine feet six inches long, by twenty-seven feet six inches 

 wide, and about thirty high ; the number of superficial feet 

 in the bottom of the rooms being 38,115. If we allow thirty 

 feet for the mean height, the whole quantity of water in 

 these lower rooms will amount to 1,143,430 cubic feet, and 

 the like quantity must he allowed for the upper rooms: 

 allowing, therefore, eight cubic feet of warm water us suffi- 

 cient for one man to bathe in, and that water preserve;! in a 

 bathing heat in the labrum half an hour, the whole con- 

 sumption of hot water, in this given time, for is.dtui [> 

 would be 144.000 cubic feet. By this calculation there 

 would he a sufficient quantity of water for three hour-, or 

 until five in the evening, for 1 OH, 000 people. The water, 

 however, would gradually cool as it flowed in from the higher 

 chambers. 



' We have no intimation from the antients when they firs' 

 fell upon this expedient for heatinu such law l-o 

 water, whether it was the imcnlion of the Romans or hr 

 from the Hast. We may reasonably suppose, that as it WHS 

 not necessary In-fore- the public warm-baths were built in 

 Rome, it w B antient than the time of Aim" 



in whose reign we are told by Dion Cassius (lit). Iv.) tint 

 Mcctcnns first instituted a swimming-bath of warm water, 

 or n ealida piscina.' (Cameron.) 



But few Roninn citizens i um-tance were with- 



out the luxury of a private hath, which varied m their 

 struct ion aeeonl!i '-'c or prc<li;:!iliiy of their owner. 



'Amongst many articles of luxury for which I'lim censure* 

 the ladies <>| his tiui", lie ta',- I their bathing-rooms 



being paved with silver. Kven the metal lines of the i 

 cau.-tmn were i;ilt.' (Sec Cameron On H'IHIHII Jliil/m. 

 an account of the private baths, see I'nmprii. vol. i. p. 199.) 



The I'ersian manner of biilhinu, in some respects, is n,.t 

 unlike that adopted by the antient Romans. .Sir R. Ker 

 Porter dcscrilws it in the following terms : ' The bather 

 having undressed in the outer room, and retaining nothing 



