B A tJ 



noble flowers which are described by the travellers who have 



1 the forests of America and India. 

 B AUMANSHOHLE is a remarkable cavern in northern 

 Germany, situated in the south-eastern range of the Harz, 

 not far from the village of Uiibeland, less than two miles 

 from Elhingerodc, a town of the kingdom of Hanover, and 

 nearly six from Blankenburg, a town of the dukedom of 

 Brunswick. This cavern, which is considered one of the 

 most remarkable natural phenomena of the Harz, is in a 

 calcareous rock, and consists of six distinct large chambers, 

 besides a smaller one. These six caverns taken together 

 measure in length nearly 800 feet, and their entrance is 136 

 feet above the bed of the Bode, a small river which runs 

 through a narrow valley at the foot of the calcareous rocks. 

 The first cavern rises 'to upwards of 33 feet, and is the 

 largest and most striking. The water penetrating through 

 the rocks which form the roofs of the caverns, brings down 

 with it calcareous matter, which hardens and forms stalac- 

 tites. These stalactites are of great beauty in the third 

 cavern, and among them is the sounding column, which 

 emits a loud sound when beaten. This cavern was disco- 

 vered in 1C 7-2, by a miner, called Baumann, who entered 

 it in hope of flnd'ing metallic ore*. 



BAUME.orBEAUME, the name of two towns in France, 

 and of several smaller places. The towns were distinguished 

 as Baume les Dames, and Baume les Messieurs, or Baume 

 les Moincs, from celebrated religious establishments which 

 existed there : that in the former place was for females, and 

 that in the latter for men. 



BKAUUK-LKS-DAMKS is situated on the right or N.W. 

 hank of the river Doubs, and in the department to which 

 that river gives name. It is iJ5 miles E.S.E. of Paris, 

 through Besancon, from which it is distant 18 miles E.N.E. 

 47 22' N. lat., 6 21' E. long. 



The religious establishment to which this town owes its 

 designation was of the order of St. Benedict, and of great 

 antiquity. According to some it was formed by two brothers, 

 St. Romaln, abbot of Condat, and St. Lupicin, abbot of 

 Leucone. (both in Frauche Comte, with part of which the 

 department of Doubs coincides,) about the middle of the fifth 

 centun : and these appointed their own sister as abbess. Pi- 

 ganHde la Force (.Vnin-elle Description deUi I'runre, Paris, 

 I 7J.| say* its origin is uncertain, end that all that is known 

 .t it was considerable in the time of Charlemagne, and 

 of his son Louis le Dcbonnaire. The nuns were all of noble 

 birth, and Mrict examination into this point was instituted 

 when any desired to enter. The abbey however was far 

 liom rich. There appears to have been also in this town a 

 convent of Capuchins 



This little place has been much injured by the passage 

 of troops in time of war ; and, though it is the capital of an 

 arrondissi-iueiit, had not in 1832 a greater population than 

 2209 for the town, or 2467 for the whole commune. It is 

 how ever an agreeable place, surrounded by meadows and by 

 vineyards, the produce of which is well esteemed. The pil- 

 lar* of the high altar of the church attached to the Bene- 

 (ii. Hue abbey mentioned above now adorn the Pantheon, or 

 church of St. Gencvicve, at Paris. 



me leg- Dames contains one or two factories of eotlon 

 good*, considerable iron works, with a miMiufactory of wire- 

 em! pins, large pottery and glass works, and a paper-mill 

 There are a library, ncoHix"" " r high school, and an agricul- 

 tural MHJcty. In the environs of the town are quarries o 

 marble, gypsum, and slate; and mines of iron and coal 

 Baume-les-Dame* is also called Bauuic-lcs-Nones, am 



II A I) 



3aume-sur-lo-Doubs. The arrondusemcnt of Baume com- 

 jrehends >,.;.! square miles, or 405,120 acres, aud it had in 

 1832 a |.u| -illation of C I 

 BAQMI-LBi-MoiNKi is a small place, about four or Tire 



niles north-east of Lons-h B ipital of tin- depnrt- 



ment of Jura. The Benedictine convent from wliic-h it 

 derived its name was originally a lucre cell, when it was 

 -il to the runk of an abbey by Count Demon, abbot of 

 Giny, early in the tenth century. Others carry the foun- 

 dation of tiie abbey limber, and aM-rihe to Bi-rnon a great 

 reformation in the establishment. Pope Kugcnius III. re- 

 duced the establishment to a simple prion. it on 

 the abbey of Clugni, in n-ir, but the title of uM>- 

 stored Mime time alter. Proof of nobility w 7, in 

 order to be received into this establishment as a monk. 



The population of Buumc-lcs-Moines, as uiveii in the 

 Dictioniiaire L'nirerselde la Francr, Paris, ISO I, our latest 

 authority, was 855. 



BAUMGARTBN, ALEXANDER GOTTLIEB, was 

 born in Ul-1 at Berlin, where his father was preacher to 

 the court of Prussia. He studied at Halle, ana became a 

 warm admirer of Wolfs philosophy, though it was at that 

 time considered heretical, and Wolf himself had in i 

 quence been obliged to leave Halle. Baumgarten applied 

 himself to the study of lo(jic and of belles Ictlres, on which 

 he afterwards gave lectures at the Orphan institution of 

 Halle. Having eXatnrned whtt had been taught till tl.'n 

 under the name of belles lettres, he endeavoured to reduce 

 that branch of study to fixed principles. He invented the 

 word (esthetic, which he applied to the theory of taste, or tha 

 science of the beautiful. Previous writers who had written 

 on this subject had mostly limited their in IM to 



the beautiful in works of art ; Baumg.irtcii extended his 

 researches to the qualities that constitute the beautiful in 

 general, whether in natural or artificial objects, and to our 

 faculty of perceiving the same. He divided the science of 

 aesthetic into theoretical and practical : he developed his 

 ideas first in his treatise, Ditputalio de norwiilli* ml /' 

 pertinentibut, Halle, 1735, and afterwards in his .Ksthrtica, 

 Frankfurt on the Oder, 1750. Esthetic has tin 

 a distinct science, and is taught as such in the German uni- 

 versities. The other works of Baumgartcn arc M'-l/ir/it/- 

 sica ; sftthica Philosophic* ; Initin I'.'ii/'*' ipliirr I'mclietr. 

 ' He examined chietly the general rights of man, \\ 

 reference to civil and political law, or to the law of n.i- 

 and, like Wolf, he confounded the object of natural law 

 with that of morality.' Such is Buhle's judgment in his 

 History of Modern Philosophy, iv. ch. 8. 



In his metaphysics, Baumgarten maintained Wolfs prin- 

 ciple of the ' sufficient reason,' and also that of the ' hannonia 

 prECslabilita' of Leibnitz, though somewhat modified in h,s 

 definition of it. In 1740 Baumgarten was appointed pro- 

 fessor of philosophy at Frankfurt on the Oder. Hi-, 

 slant application undermined his health, and after liii.j. 

 in a vealc ttate fbr wvera] \carshediedin !"<>.;. II 

 a profound thinker, remarkably methodical in the anange- 

 inent of his thoughts, and precise in his exposition < I thrin. 

 His elder brother, James Sigismund, studied also at Halle 

 and beeaiii. I of theology in that university. Ho 



wrote Instructions tin M^ral T/ii'ulni>y,Svo. 1738; .Ibridq- 

 mcnt of Kccleriastical History, 3 vols. 8vo. 17 IJ: / 

 Linear lircriarii Anliquitatum Christiana' urn, 17-47, and 

 other works on ecclesiastical studies. He introduced im- 

 portant ameliorations into the study of theology at Halle. 

 He died in 1757. 



Another Baumgarten, Martin of Breitenbaeh, patrician 

 of Nuremberg, no relation to the preceding, travelled in the 

 east in the beginning of the sixteenth century and left an 

 account of his journey, which was published after his death 

 under the title of Persgrinatio in .Kxyiiluin. Arabian, 

 I'li/i/^liiitim, i'l Xyritim. fin-la nit nix 1 j<>7 ft 15DH. in litcem 

 i i/i/, i it Crintujili r, 4tu. Nuremberg, I 



BAt'T/KN, or BUD1SSIN (in the Wend language 

 BUD1SHYN), a well-built town near the eastern b u-ders 

 of the kingdom of Saxony, situated on the Spree : it is the 

 capital of the circle of Upper Lusatia. Bautzen is known to 

 have exinlid before the times of the celebrated Witlikind, 

 and to have been defended by a strong castle, now in : 

 It is the seat of a provincial government, a consistory, and 

 other public establishing. )U ; and the re-idem e i i a titular 

 K"IU.MI Catholic bishop. Ai .-dilice* , 1 n.ite, it con- 



tains a royal palace called the Orlenbnrg, now u.,od as public 

 i (which was burned down in 141'J, and rebuilt by 



