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BAY 



On the Boden See (Lake Constanz) are situated the 

 harbour and fortress of Lindau, the most south-western 

 point in Bavaria, but only a small portion of the surface 

 of this lake belongs to Bavaria. There are numerous 

 lakes within the Bavarian territory. The largest is the 

 Chiem-see (lake Chiem), which lies between the Inn and 

 the Ah, about thirteen miles south of Wasserburg and 

 twenty miles east of Rosenheim, in the circle of the Isar ; 

 its surface is about 22,400 acres ; it is about thirty-five 

 miles in circuit, and its greatest depth is above 500 feet. 

 Three islands, or rather hills, rise above its surface, on two 

 of which are the remains of suppressed ecclesiastical com- 

 munities ; its fisheries, which belong to the crown, arc ex- 

 tremely productive. In the western part of the same circle 

 is the Wurm, or Stahrenberger-See, a beautiful lake, about 

 sixteen miles south-west of Munich, fourteen miles in length 

 and about four in breadth. The Ammer-See, west of the 

 Wiirm-See, is a beautiful piece of water, about twelve miles 

 long and twenty-seven in circuit ; its area contains about 

 11,000 acres, and its greatest depth is 269 feet. There are 

 seven villages on its western banks; it abounds in fish, and 

 derives its name from the Ammer, Amper, or Amber, which 

 falls into it at its southern extremity and quits it in the 

 north-east near Eching. This lake is united by the river 

 with the Staffen or Staffel-See, a lake on the west side of 

 :\vn of Murnau, about five or six miles in circuit. The 

 Waller or Walchen-See (Lacus Wallensis), is another large 

 lake to the south-east of Murnau, containing about 13,500 

 anres. This lake appears to be an old crater, an opinion 

 which has gained more general credit from the violent agi- 

 tation of its waters during t'ua great earthquake of Lisbon 

 in November, 17.0.3. Its greatest depth is 612 feet, and it 

 lies 56 1 feet higher than the adjoining Kochel or Kechel- 

 See, which is also situated in the south-western part of the 

 circle of the Isar, on the road from Munich to Innsbruck. 

 The surface of the Kochel-See is estimated at about 1200 

 acres and its depth :it 240 feet ; both these lakes are full of 

 fish. The most south-eastern of all the lakes in Bavaria 

 is the King's (Kb'nig)or Bartholomsmis-See, in the same 



: its banks are precipitous, and it is surrounded by 

 mountains. The Konigsbach throws itself into the lake 

 from a lofty precipice. South-east of Munich, between the 

 I-ar and Inn, about thirteen miles east of Holzkirchen, is 

 the beautiful lake called the Tegern-See, with a royal resi- 

 dence, once a Benedictine monastery, on high ground at 

 its south-east extremity ; it is encircled on all sides by green 

 valleys, woods, and mountains, and has an elevation of 

 2187 feet above the level of the Mediterranean: its length 

 is about a mile and a half, and its breadth about two 

 miles ; its greatest depth is 337 feet. On its east side is 

 the Quirine spring, a spring of naphtha, discovered in 1430, 

 which flows from a layer of peat ; the liquid is of a greenish- 

 brown tint, inflammable, and affords, in some years, a supply 

 of about fifteen or sixteen gallons. 



Climate. The climate of Bavaria is, on the whole, tem- 

 perate and healthy. It is cold and bleak in the mountainous 

 districts, but milder in the plains and valleys through which 

 the Main, Altmuhl, and Regnitz (low, particularly in the 

 parts adjacent to the first of those streams, where theThurin- 

 gian and other mountains shelter them from north winds. In 

 parts the chestnut and almond thrive ; and the vine is 

 cultivated for wine; but the latter does not succeed so well 

 in the low country about the Danube, which suffers from 

 me cold in winter and oppressive heat in summer. 

 In the elevated regions of southern Bavaria, fruit cannot bo 

 raised. Tlie Rhenish possessions have a climate as mild and 

 salubrious as the country traversed by the Main, except 

 in some districts of the west, which are intersected by the 

 Vo^ges and their branches: here the winter still prevails, 

 while flowers and fruit-trees are blossoming in the rich 

 and sunny plains. ' In the plains,' says Crome, ' the 

 thermometer seldom rises above 86" Fahrenheit, or falls 



; 50.' We give this fact as we find it stated in 

 Crome's work. 



Vegetable Prnductions.'Fevi countries possess a more 

 productive soil than Bavaria ; yet, until very recently, few 

 people have turned their natural advantages to so little 



anil their length IflO ; they arc to 1 divvied inte two pnrts liy an iiitrrmeiliMe 

 Kate, o tint tii" rh.iml>er> may lie Illlril Tor a length 'of 90 or of 1^1 |. <! 

 . t of ihesp l.'iijths h.-ir.g (If siijnfd for the use of boats, loaded with lim 

 br for tm.M.- k I'.iu*.' Tlie estimated coit of this under 



taking is :iinjut HIT .">*)'. - . \ anri th.r llavnrrm ynMTlinu-nt, 



Without win pit-to formation of the company, havy dinx-lc'l tltc 



works upor the Altmuhl tg be commenced. 



account : ignorance and idleness have been the obstacles 

 jy which the improvement of husbandry has been checked. 

 ^t is not many years since nearly one-third of the available 

 surface of the circles of the Isar, Lower Danube, and Regen 

 was lying waste and uncultivated ; but a new spirit has 

 sprung up under the present enlightened government, agri " 

 cultural enterprise has been roused, and antiquated habits 

 ind prejudices are rapidly giving way to improved methods 

 of cultivation. Large tracts of the Moose or moors have 

 already been brought under cultivation; and the quantity 

 of land under the plough has increased to nearly nine-twen- 

 ieths of the whole surface of the Bavarian dominions. Of 

 this quantity, six-sevenths belong to the provinces of Ba- 

 varia Proper, the area of which is more than nine-tenths of 

 that of the whole kingdom ; the remaining seventh belongs 

 to Rhenish-Bavaria, whose surface is considerably below 

 one-tenth of the whole. 



Agricultural industry is principally directed to the culti- 

 vation of wheat, rye, barley, and oats, the produce of the 

 crops, however, varies considerably both in quality and 

 quantity, so much so indeed with respect to the latter, as to 

 range from three-fold to twelve- fold: on the average it may 

 be estimated at about 5j bushels per English acre. The 

 innual quantity of grain, therefore, which Bavaria raises is 

 between 5,800,000 and 5,900,000 quarters, which agrees 

 closely with the calculation made by Malchus, and is corro- 

 borated by the well-known fact, that the country produces 

 a much larger supply than its own consumption requires. 

 The circle of the Lower Danube, which comprises the larger 

 portion of Southern Bavaria, is comparatively the most pro- 

 ductive in grain ; the circle of the Retzat, and particularly 

 the Ansbach and Baireuth districts, are superior to the re- 

 maining provinces, which, with the exception of the Rhenish 

 possessions, whence corn is exported, scarcely raise more 

 grain in common years than what is adequate to their own 

 demand. In some districts rice, spelt, maize, and buck- 

 wheat are also cultivated ; but there are parts in the neigh- 

 bourhood of the Spessart where the climate and soil are 

 unfavourable to the growth of almost every kind of corn- 

 seed. 



Next to grain, the vine and hop-plant are important ob- 

 jects of cultivation. The former is grown in few districts, 

 except the circles of the Rhine and Lower Main. The 

 Lower Main produces the Franconian wines, mostly white, 

 known by the names of the Main, Were, Saale, and Tau- 

 ber wines, which indicate the districts where they are 

 made : the western declivity of the Steigerwald, and the 

 Plain of Geroldshofen, have their vineyards also. The 

 celebrated Steinwein is a produce of the Steinberg, in 

 the Mark of Wiirzburg; and the no less celebrated Leis- 

 tenwein is from the same quarter, namely, the southern 

 slope of the Marienberg, near the town of Wiirzburg. 

 Those parts of the circle of the Rhine which produce 

 the choicest wine, are the vineyards near Forst, Dei- 

 desheim, and Wachenheim, on the declivities of the Hardt 

 mountains. In favourable seasons, the quantity of wine 

 produced in the Lower Main is estimated at 63,000 fuder 

 (about 11,340,000 imperial gallons), and in the Rhenish 

 province, at 92,000 (about 16,560,000 gallons): the whole 

 amounts to about 27,900,000 gallons. Allowance being 

 made for failures in unfavourable seasons, the average yearly 

 produce may be estimated at 104,000 to 117,000 fuder 

 ( 1 8,700,000 to 2 1 ,000,000 gallons), and their value at between 

 "50,000;. and 850,000/. The cultivation of hops has made 

 much progress in Bavaria ; and the produce of the plantations 

 around Spalt and Heersbriick (in the Retzat), and Hb'ch- 

 stiidt, and other parts of the Upper Danube circles, is ac- 

 counted scarcely inferior to the finest Bohemian the quan- 

 tity raised every year is about 80,000 cwt., of which from 

 16,000 to 18,000 are exported, and the whole, at the average 

 market-price, may be estimated at an annual value of 

 about 7,500,000 or 8,000,000 florins (720,000/. to 766,000/.). 

 Considerable quantities of tobacco are grown in the circles 

 of the Rhine and Retzat, the former of which produces be- 

 tween 7000 and 8000 cwt., and the latter from 20,000 to 

 30,000 ; altogether more than adequate to the home de- 

 mand. The cultivation of flax and hemp has greatly in- 

 creased, particularly in the justiceship of Wasserburg, in 

 the south-east of Bavaria : but the country is still dependent 

 on foreign supplies of both articles. Oil, extracted from 

 linseed, rape, and other seeds, is a manufacture so much 

 on the increase, more especially in tho two circles of the 

 Main and In the Rhenish territory, that the exportation 



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