n \ v 



frequently ie importation: much oil MM - 



obuuied from poppies in ill.' Lower 



nsumed arc of foreign growth. Tlie 

 raiisin:; of r has ...copied the attention of the government 



me years paM. and it h tain extei.' 



ceeded. The cultivation <f tins article lias been greatly 

 prora<itod by the Silk Committee of ti of Agricul- 



ture, who imported some hundred* of mulberry tree* from 

 Italy, Hungary, and the Rhenish districts, in 18J4, and 

 distributed them in various quartets. A hundred thousand 

 of these tree* have also been raised from the seed brought 

 from Italy, and sown in the rnyal plantations about 

 the English Garden at Munich, i'nnt it most cxtcn- 

 sively raised in the southern districts of the kingdom : 

 though the Quest sorts are probably those which are culti- 

 vated in the environs of the Main and the Rhenish terri- 

 tory, whence considerable quantities are exported. Liquorice 

 (ofwhich the Bamberi?, sort isconsidered the finest raised in 

 Germany), aniseed, coriander, cnmmlnseed, and saffron ore 

 cultivated in many parts. Madder forms an article of large 

 export from the circle of the Kliine ; and generally the cul- 

 tivation of such roots and plants as afford a dye appears to 

 have been successful. The potato is far mure generally 

 cultivated in the northern and Rhenish districts than in the 

 southern : hay and other fodder for rattle are produced in 

 abundance. Iceland n o collected in Bavaria. 



lln-isinn < if /'/,;,. -rty.' The soil,' says St. Bchlen. 'is 

 divided in very equal proportions. In the six old circles 

 (those of the Retzat, Regcn, Upper Main, and Isur, and of 

 the Upper and Lower Danube) there are 2,254,603 estates 

 held by GOG,98'J proprietors. The same may be remarked 

 of the circle of the Rhine : but of the Lower Main we have 

 no authentic returns. The rare occurrence of large pro- 

 perties is shown by the inconsiderable number of individuals, 

 who, as possessing freeholds rated to the land-tax at the 

 value of 8000 florins (about 7G5/.), are eligible to seats in the 

 legislature ; for it appeared at the first election, that exclu- 

 sively of noblemen and persons holding property in towns, 

 the number of such individuals did not exceed 7181. The 

 laws of the land are favourable to the subdivision of estates. 

 In the circles of the Isar, Regen, and Lower Danube we iind 

 many comparatively large properties, between '200 to -100 

 tagwerken (1/0 and 340 acres) in extent ; in these quarters 

 such subdividing are seldomest known, on account of the 

 thinness of the population. The state possesses, in landed 

 property and ground -rents, to the value of 209,5-18,4 10 florins 

 (about 20,08", OOO/.), which constitutes between a fifth 

 and a sixth part of the entire value of landed property in 

 Bavaria.' 



Forest*. Timber, $<. The proportion of soil occupied 

 In woods and forests, as compared with the surface occu- 

 pied by arable land, is nearly 66 of the former to 100 of the 

 latter. Most of the mountains in Bavaria are finely wooded : 

 many of the more extensive plains also contain InrcMs 

 Those of the Spessart and Rhi'in mountains, in the circle of 

 the Lower Main, may be considered as the most valuable : 

 Ihe oak obtained from the Spessart is highly esteemed, 

 iind is exported to a large amount : but the beech of the 

 Rhiin is very little inferior to it in strength. It may be 

 observed, in general, that the woods in tint lowland* consist 

 of oaks and beeches, but, in the elevated regions, of juni- 

 . with firs, pines, and others of the same species. Kx- 

 t.-iiMve tracts of wretched woodland occur in some parts, 

 as, for instance, in the circle of the Isar, where th< 

 upwards of 103,000 acres of such land, intersected by ran^e- 

 of high barren rocks. The yearly produce of the Bavarian 

 ;-, independently of fire wood and brush-wood, is esti- 

 mated at 2,370,000 klaflcre, and the quantity of timber thus 

 produced is so much beyond the domestic consumption, that, 

 in 18-.M, the value of the exports was 22I.350/. (2,309,C7G 

 tfnriiiK) greater than that of the imports. The quantity of 

 woodland belonging to the state forms one-third of the whole 

 Bavarian woods and forests; and their gross annual value 

 lor 1821. as reported to the legislature in IS-'*. was about 

 :t I I.1.10J. (3,593,005 florins). In consequence, however, of 

 the heavy expenses attending their management, the rights 

 pOMiessod by individuals to certain proportions of ti 

 ings and other burthcnsomc contingencies, the net produce 

 ing to the state docs not appear to have 1.. in more 

 than about K.II.INII/.. or 1,67 1, 4GG llorins. In this amount, 

 :.ould add, no credit is taken for the quantity of timber, 

 , for the produce ofthe IGr.i'Mi ai res which 

 ure appropriated to the consumption of the bait-works, and 



52 M A V 



10 other publi.' purposes. The remaining two-thirds of the 

 Bavarian woodland* U-', : i: to i Umments. and 



individuals. The largest forest* are tho-.- near 

 Kcmpton. which '-res and in tho 



..! the Spes'wrt. which :u a rMelit 



hut in RhtnMi Havana both tirulier and fu. 

 lively scarce. l'otashi', tar, turpentine, mid jumper I 

 arc anioii" tl '-> -"i forests. 



A ill inuls. Havana i-, full of river- and ..'.reams, the 1 

 of which arc' bordered with exo 



have bri-n rendered still more productive in the two cm . 

 tho Mnin and that of the Retzat by artificial irrigation. The 

 mountains also abound in pa-lures, which have In en im- 

 proved in many purls by careful cultivation. No hrai 

 grazing, however, is so extensively pursued as tin 



I entile: and in this respect the circles of the I 

 Danube and Isar lake Ihe lead : yet the whole stock is in- 

 adequate to the wants ofthe inhabitants, and by no in 

 commensurate with the capabilities ofthe country. In Isji 

 the slock aiiiountcd to ),^'Ji,tis7 heads; and supposing lliu 

 annual increase to have been at the rate of one in 

 three hundred for the thirteen years since elapsed, the pic- 

 -iock may be estimated at nearly 1,'JMl.lUiO. 1; may 

 bi- observed also that the imports of oxen, bides, and < 

 exceed the exports by about lf,.(IOO oxen, 2000 cwt. of , 

 and -JjdO tons of cheese. Sulh'cicnt exertions have not v.t 

 been made to improve the breeds, though much good has 

 been done by the establishment of agricultural and v< 

 nary schools, and the distribution of prizes at the rural festi- 

 vals. Of sheep, the numbers in 1821 were 1,238,103, and 

 it i> calculated that they have increased to about 1,400,000 

 since that time. The neglect of this branch of agriculture 

 during the last fony \e:n>. which, we believe, is without a 

 parallel in any other German state, may be inferred from tho 

 fact, that in the year 1794, when the Bavarian dominion* 

 were but '20, U.'iO square miles, their flocks contained 1,U ; 

 sheep : whereas now, when the territory spreads over :>,. 



:3.i square miles, they are not more than we have stated. 

 The majority of the Bavarian flocks are of the native i 

 but great pains are ai present ho.-towcd upon their mi] 

 ment, and the result has already been advui.: It on 



the royal sheep grounds at Schlcis>hcim near Munich, and 

 \Valdbrunn, as well as in other parts of the . Much 



also remains to bo done, we are told, towards imp. 

 the domestic breed of horses: their number, which 

 32J,'J!)I in the year 1621, is now said to have risen to 

 340,000, exclusive of such as are employed for military ser- 

 vice and in public establishments. The horses imp 

 into the country, however, still continue to c\ 

 expirted, by several hundreds annually. Sw:ne aie icarcd 

 in all quarters, but more particularly in the neigliboi,: 

 of the Spessart and Rhiin monnl.uiis, where acorns are 

 abundant: though no accurate account of their nun, h 

 extant, Malchus U of opinion that they r.ui^e lulu'een 



000 and 1,500,000. Of goats the slock is nut 1 

 and few mules or asses arc bred. Fowl, bo'.h wild ain. 



. are plentiful: the rearing of bees has he"ii nci: 

 until of laic \cars. The lakes and rivers of Bavaria ali.'imd 

 with fish : in the circle of the Isar especially, where tho 

 largest inland waters exist, and along the banks of tlm 



md Rhine, thousands derive a comfortable livelihood 

 from tin; li-heries. The most noted specie* are the salmon 



Rhine, the trout of the I'ranconiaii streams, and the 

 crayli-h of the Altniiihl. Pearls are found in the II/ ai.d 



n.mur >tn ams. The wolves and hears, winch used In 

 infeit the forests and highlands of Bavaria, are rapidly 

 diinin>>bing. 



Metals <i>ul Minrrals. Every inducement has been held 

 out by the Bavarian government, both to natives and 

 strangers, with a view to encourage the working of tho 

 mines. The principal products are iron, coals, and 

 gold and silver are found in small quantities, only in the 

 waters of the Inn. Rhine. Danube, and I^ar: quicksilver, 

 to ihe amount of '280 or 2!IO ewt., in the circle of the Rhine; 

 and copper, which was formerly raised in several quarters, 

 is now confined to the works at Kahl and Kaulsdorl'. in 

 i ihe l"|'|"r Main, which produce about ;;o 

 civl. per iiniinm. There are two n,.. ill also on 



. PHI w Inch small quantities of tin. lead, and 

 antimony liavu occasionally been obtained. Tl.e Upper 

 Mam, Rhenish Havana, K ' er Danube, am! 



f mining dislricls in Bavaria. There 

 ure, in the whole kingdom, ! I iron high-blast furnaces, of 



