BAY 



53 



BAY 



which 8 belong to tire crown ; 30 low-heat furnaces, 1 7 

 smeliin it-works, 332 forges and hammers for beating out 

 the metal, &c., 4 steel-works, ami 19 wire-mills, the annual 

 produce of which is about 1 1,150 tons of raw and cast-iron, 

 6990 tons of wrought-iron, 4300 cwt. of steel, 7200 of plate- 

 iron, and 4000 cwt. of wire; but as the whole quantity of 

 metal raised is not sufficient for the consumption of the 

 country, the deficiency is made good by importations. Of 

 this native iron, the Isar mines at Neukirchen average 

 yearly about 5500 tons, and the Upper Main about 4000. 

 Bavaria possesses likewise 136 pits of iron-stone, which is 

 raised in all of its eight circles, to the average extent of 

 41,500 tons a year. The coal-mines are in the districts of 

 Stadsteinach and Wundsiedel in the Upper Main, and of 

 Kaiserslautern in Rhenish Bavaria ; the number of shafts 

 at work in these parts is fifty-one, of which eight are the 

 properly of the crown, and the remainder of private indi- 

 viduals. The whole quantity raised is about 35,000 tons 

 a year, which might be greatly increased by working 

 the rich beds in which other districts of Bavaria are 

 known to abound. Black-lead (or graphite) is worked in 

 several places, particularly at Obernzell, whence much is 

 scut to America for the purpose of making crucibles : the 

 whole number of mines in activity is thirty-three, and the 

 quantity produced, about 200 tons per annum. The sulphur 

 raised in various parts is not sufficient for the home con- 

 sumption. Porcelain-earth is another Bavarian product; 

 the best is obtained in the justiceship of Wunsiedel in the 

 Upper Main, and of a quality said to be the finest in Ger- 

 many, if not in Europe. Salt has been a monopoly of the 

 crown for several ai:^ ; and in the last century the pans 

 and works of Schellenberg alone, from which the govern- 

 ment supplied the country, produced 241,000 tons. The 

 public salt-works are at present seven in number, and are 

 established at Berchtesgaden, Roscnhcim, Reichenhall, and 

 Trauenstein, in the circle of the Isar (average produce about 

 28,600 tons a year). Orb and KisMiigen in the Lower Main 

 (average about 3000 tons a year), and Tiirkheim in the 

 Upper Danube (average about 4 '20 tons a year). The whole 

 supply amounts to between 32,000 and 33,000 tons per an- 

 num : the expense is estimated at about two shillings and 

 sixpence per ton, and the portion retained for domestic con- 

 sumption at 30,000 tons. On an average of four years, the 

 clear annual profit accruing to the state appears to have 

 been 2,217,375 llorins (about 213, OOO/.). There are, accord- 

 ing to Stein, three hundred different sorts of marble in the 

 circle of the Upper Main alone. Alabaster and rock crys- 

 tal, the agate, jasper, and garnet, cornelians, and asbestos, 

 should be added to the list of Bavarian minerals. 



Bavaria is abundantly supplied with mineral waters, but 

 fi.-w of them are of any note. Among the saponaceous 

 springs we may instance the well of the Virgin (Marien- 

 Irunnen) at Mochlingen : there arc alkaline waters at the 

 monastery of Heilsbrunn in the Rctzat, as well as at Baklcr 

 in the Wiirzburg territory; muriatic springs at Benedict- 

 beuern and Kissingen, and at the Wildbad at Rothenhurg ; 

 sulphuretted-alkaline waters at Ahach ; and chalybeate 

 springs in various quarters, particularly the Fokberger Baths 

 ai.d Alexander Baths in the circle of the Main. 



Inhabitants. It appears from the tabular statement given 

 above that Rhenish Bavaria surpasses every other part of 

 the kingdom in density of population, the number of inha- 

 bitants to the square mile being 230 ; in the Lower Danube 

 it is 186; in the Upper Main, 171 ; in the Lower Main, 

 nearly Ifi3; in the Retzat, 138; in the Upper Danube, 

 nearly 132; in the Regen, 123; and in the Isar, although 

 the capital with a population of 80,000 souls and upwards 

 lies within it, not quite 100. The comparative numbers of 

 the two sexes are as follow : 



In the year 1819, 1,788,495 males; 1,908,900 females. 

 1825, 1,929,025 2,052,912 

 1828, 1,980,278 2,056,739 

 From the average of these three years the proportion of 

 males to females is 125 of the former to 132 of the latter, or 

 1000 to 1056; which is a little less than the proportion 

 given by Malchus, who states the excess of females over 

 TH .!.:; as being ' not quite 5 j per cent.' According to Rud- 

 hart's statement in 1826, the number of dwelling-houses 

 .10,482, and the number of families inhabiting 

 tl.oin 787,318; each family averaging between four and 

 five individuals. The proportion of the population in (owns 

 Iwviiig 500 families or upwards is also estimated by him at 



one-seventh of the entire number of inhabitants ; and so 

 low a proportion cannot be matter of surprise in a state which 

 is so pre-eminently agricultural. The average proportion 

 of births and deaths for the three years 1819, 1825, ami 

 1S28, is 143,576 of the former to 108,345 of the latter; 

 whence we have an average increase, on these three years, 

 of 35,231 souls. 



The number of parishes is 8155, and that of public and 

 private buildings of all descriptions was, in 1833, 1,271,507, 

 the value of which was estimated at 778,908,699 florins 

 (about 74,645,4 1 7l.). The number of such buildings insured 

 against fire was 1,136,977, and their estimated value was 

 551,026,798 llorins, or 52,806, 730/. 



According to Von Zedlitz, the inhabitants of Bavaria con 

 sist of 4,113,5uO Germans, 60,000 Jews, and 6500 French, 

 or persons of French extraction, who are mostly scattered 

 about Landau and in the circle of the Rhine; the German 

 part of the population is divided into native Bavarians, 

 Franconians, Swabians, and Rhinelanders. 



Religion. We know of no classification of the inhabitants 

 according to their religious tenets of a more recent date than 

 that given by Von St. Behlen for the year 1828, at which 

 period they were composed of 



2,880,383 Roman Catholics, 

 1,094,633 Protestants, 

 57,574 Jews, and 

 4,427 of other persuasions. 



The 'Edict of Religion' of the 16th May, 1818, does not 

 recognize any predominant national church, but establishes 

 full liberty of conscience, and gives both/to Roman Catholic 

 and Protestant an equality of civil rights ; the privilege of 

 private worship is secured to individuals of every persuasion, 

 and that of public worship may be granted by the king 

 upon the application of u sufficient number of families. All 

 matters connected with the temporal concerns of religious 

 communities, are conducled by the section for ecclesiastical 

 affairs in the home department ; but the exercise of judicial 

 power in the Catholic Church, with reference to members of 

 their own body, is entrusted to the archbishops, bishops, ab- 

 bots, and deacons. The king is the temporal head of that 

 church, and no laws, ordinances, or other public acts relating 

 to it can be promulgated without the royal sanction. 



By the concordat concluded with the Pope, on the 5th 

 June, 181 7, two archbishoprics, Munich and Bamberg, and 

 six bishoprics, Wiiizburg, Eichstiidt, and Spires, under the 

 former, and Augsburg, Ratisbon, and Passau, under the 

 latter, were instituted. The Roman Catholic Church in Ba- 

 varia possesses 191 deaneries, and 2512 cures of souls. The 

 Lutheran Church, which is most prevalent in the circles of 

 the Retzat, Upper Danube, the two Mains, and Rhine, con- 

 tains 37 inspections, consisting of 1 036 parishes or ministries, 

 under the conduct of the three consistories of Baireuth, 

 Ansbach, and Spires, which are subordinate to the ' Inde- 

 pendent Superior Consistory' of Munich, the latter being 

 itself subject, to a certain extent, to the control of the home 

 department. We observe that the king of Bavaria does not 

 allow his prelates to use the prscfix 'Dei gratia' in their 

 titles, considering it a peculiar attribute of royalty ; but he 

 permits them to substitute, as an appendix to their official 

 designation, the words ' Divind gratia.' The revenues of the 

 Roman Catholic Church arise from estates and endowments, 

 over which its hierarchs exercise unlimited control : out of 

 these revenues the archbishop of Munich receives an annual 

 stipend of about 1920/. (20,000 llorins), and the archbishop 

 of Bamberg, about 1440^. (15,000 florins) ; the bishops of 

 Augsburg, Ratisbon, and Wiirzburg, 9601. (10,000 llorins) 

 each, and those of Passau, Eichstiidt, and Spires, about 

 765/. (8000 llorins) each. Several monasteries and convents 

 have been allowed to spring up again of late years, for the 

 professed purpose of instructing young persons in religious 

 and worldly knowledge, of assisting in the ministerial office, 

 and taking charge of the sick. The present number of reli- 

 gious establishments is thirty-four, of which fourteen are very 

 recent revivals of suppressed communities. In the year 

 1832 there was not one such establishment in the circle ol 

 the Retzat ; but there were twelve in the Upper and Lower 

 Danube, seven in the Isar, four in the Regen, ten in the 

 Upper and Lower Main, and two in the Rhenish territory. 

 The higher orders of the clergy, including deans of chapters, 

 are nominated by the sovereign ; and, on the representation 

 of the bishops, the circulation of such books as they may deem 

 adverse to ' the true faith, good manners, or church discipline 

 is prohibited. The president of the Lutheran Consistory 



