BAY 57 



Danube. The finer sorts, particularly damask, are inferior 

 both in texture and finish to the Saxon or Silesian ; still the 

 quantity exported exceeds the quantity imported by about 

 12.000J. a year. Linen-yarn is also spun in some districts, 

 but not to any great extent, and chiefly for exportation. 

 The manufacture of woollens and worsted hose is carried 

 on principally in the circles of the Regen, Darrabes and 

 Mains, the finest being produced in Ansbach, Baircuth, 

 Lindau, Munich, and the Upper Palatinate ; but this 

 branch of industry is in the hands of individuals, and not 

 carried on in large factories. The supply is very inade- 

 quate to the consumption of the country, and sometimes the 

 excess of imports over exports has amounted to 40,000/. per 

 annum. There is a similar deficiency in the domestic sup- 

 ply of manufactured cottons; the use of improved machinery, 

 however, is gradually increasing in many quarters, and ad- 

 ditions are constantly making to the number of spinning- 

 mills. The districts about Augsburg, Kaufbeueren, and Hof 

 are the most important seats of this branch of Bavarian in- 

 dustry, and numbers are also employed in hand-spinning. 

 The yearly importation of cotton goods is still said to be 

 100,0001., and that of cotton yarns to be 51.000/. more in 

 value than the exportation. The leather manufactories are 

 of considerable importance, but mostly carried on by num- 

 bers of small manufacturers, particularly in the minor town* 

 in the circles of the Retzat, Isar, Upper and Lower Dnnubes, 

 and of the Rhine. Bavarian calf-skins are in great repute 

 and largely exported, but sole leathers are not produced in 

 sufficient quantity for the home demand. Between the years 

 1819 and 182-1, the yearly value' of the leather exported 

 (20,396 cwt.) rose to is,G-10/., and that of the same article 

 imported (17,133 cwt.) to 49.2CO/. The supply of paper, of 

 which AschafFenburg, Nuremberg, Fiirth, Augsburg, and 

 Scliwabach furnish many fancy sorts, is beyond the domestic 

 consumption ; though the usual descriptions are indifferent, 

 there are still about 2800 cwts. exported to the value of about 

 7-UOO/. The number of paper mills is 150, of which 29 are 

 in the circle of the Upper Danube, 25 in the Lower Main, 27 

 in the Rhine, and 23 in the Regen. Schwcinfurt and 

 Mainberg possess large manufactories of paper-hangings, 

 which are of excellent quality and in much demand in other 

 German states. Straw-platting has increased considerably 

 of late years; even in 182-1 the exportation amounted to 

 3312owt. and 16,7401. in value; and there are some districts, 

 such as that of Weiler in the Isar, which gain between 

 3SOOI. and ASOOl. a year by this branch of industry. The 45 

 glass-houses in Bin aria, of which there arc 13 in each of 

 the circles of the Regen and Lower Danube, ;md 8 in the 

 Upper Main, produce window-glass, bottles, and other ordi- 

 nary glass-ware to such an amount, that the exports ex- 

 ceed the imports above 19,OUO cwt. and 55.000/. in value. 

 In the finer sorts the quality is much inferior to the Eng- 

 lish, and even the French or Bohemian. The number of 

 works for grinding and polishing looking-glasses is up- 

 wards of 100 : they export on an average 1 1,700 cwt. of the 

 article in a finished, and 5100 cwt. in an unfinished stale. 

 Nuremberg, Fiirth, Bamhcrg, and Augsburg are the prin- 

 ripal seats of this manufacture. The whole value of the 

 glass exported is upwards of lOd.OOO/. per annum. No op- 

 tical instruments made on the Continent are mure highly 

 valued than those made by Ut/schneider and Frauen- 

 hofer's establishment at Munich. The manufacture of 

 articles in wood, and the felling, hewing, and general ma- 

 nipulation of timber occupy thousands of hands. There 

 are nearly 2000 sawing-mills in Bavaria for the preparation 

 of boards, deals, and laths ; and almost as many families 

 are wholly supported in Ammergnu and Berchtcsgaden by 

 the manufacture of articles in carved wood, some of which 

 are very beautiful. There are nine porcelain manufactories at 

 work ; that at Nymphenburg, not fur from Munich, produces 

 china which may bear comparison with the finest in Europe. 

 The number of earthenware manufactories is 14, but the 

 articles which they make are inferior to the English in 

 strength and finish. The Bavarian crucibles are in much 

 request; and the potteries employ nearly 2000 master-work- 

 men, besides labourers, &c. Of slate-works there arc above 

 .'i <o. The working of the metals cbielly consists in exten- 

 sive manufactories of iron-ware, -'specially nails and needles, 

 the export of which i* considerable. Schwabach alone pro- 

 duci-s annually 110,000,000 sewing, and above 300,000 

 knitt. ,. There is a manufactory of arms at Am- 



bcn: which supplies th" army. The gold and silver-smiths 

 oi' Miiiiifh, Wiir/hiir.;, Nuremberg, and Augsburg, ore in 



BAY 



great repute. Fire-arms, fowling-pieces, &c., employ 1G7 

 workmen at Burglingenfeld and Neustadt. Nuremberg is 

 celebrated for its brass-wares. Munich and Augsburg pos- 

 sess cannon and other foundries. Fiirth contains many- 

 beaters of gold and silver, &c., and exports leaf-gold and 

 silver for gilding and plating to most European markets. 

 The brewing of beer, in many respects the most important 

 branch of manufacture in Bavaria, employs upwards of 

 5000 establishments, or taxed brewers, by whom more 

 than 9,300,000 aulms (95,790,000 gallons) of beer are 

 made, and more than 980,000 Bavarian bushels (759,500 

 quarters) of malt are consumed. A very favourable im- 

 pulse has been given to national industry by the institution 

 of the Polytechnic Society at Munich in 181G: its mem- 

 bers consist of operatives, men of science, and official per- 

 sons in all parts of the country ; and its principal object 

 is to afford instruction, in their respective branches, to 

 mechanics and other work-people. An annual exhibition of 

 domestic products and manufactures, and an award of prizes, 

 form part of its plan. Similar societies exist in Augs- 

 burg, Nuremberg, and other towns. The Bavarian govern- 

 ment has likewise established mechanics' schools (Gewerbs- 

 Schulen) in most of the larger places ; and there are va- 

 rious other institutions in Munich, Bamberg, Augsburg, 

 Ratisbon, Fiirth, Passau, Nuremberg, as well as elsewhere, 

 for the promotion of trade and manufactures. The royal 

 decree of the 2")th September, 1825, which granted full 

 liberty to individual skill and industry, has done much to 

 remove the tyranny of corporate monopolies ; but, owing to 

 peculiar circumstances, this decree has not hitherto come 

 into full operation. 



Trade. Though Bavaria is an inland country, its trade 

 is greatly favoured by its geographical position, which has 

 rendered it in some degree a central point between the 

 Mediterranean, the Baltic, and the German Ocean, and a 

 medium of intercourse between the west and east of Europe. 

 This advantage is increased by its natural productiveness, 

 and by the navigable lines of the Danube, Rhine, Main, and 

 other streams, over which above IGliO larger and smaller 

 bridges have been thrown ; as well as by the constant atten- 

 tion which the government has paid of late years to the 

 ifiaintenance and multiplication of public roads, the length 

 of which is estimated at upwards of 5500 miles. The 

 treaties of reciprocity, which have thrown the markets of 

 many neighbouring states open to the industry and enter- 

 prise of the Bavarians, have also given an additional sti- 

 mulus to their commercial activity. Though an agricul- 

 tural state, the export of its wrought produce and manu- 

 factures exceeds in value that of its raw produce by more 

 than one-half; a strong proof, observes Von St. Behlen, that 

 the mechanical industry of the country is more advanced 

 than its agricultural. The system of duties has been placed 

 on a liberal footing: great facilities are given to importation, 

 and scarcely any obstacles are thrown in the way of expor 

 tations. Salt is the only articletheintroductionofwhic.il 

 is wholly prohibited ; and most articles imported from 

 countries with which commercial treaties have been formed 

 are treated on the same terms as native products, with re- 

 ference to internal duties or excise imposts. In the list of 

 duties, which for the period 1832 1837, are taken at a 

 yearly average of 178.790/., we may instance foreign wines 

 and liqueurs, which pay 10 florins per 100 tons; silks GO 

 florins per cwt. ; china 40 florins ; vegetable oils 10 florins ; 

 coffee 1 5 florins ; sugar 12 florins, &c. The transit trade has 

 latterly declined, though it is still estimated to leave several 

 hundred thousand pounds of profit in the country : the lines 

 which it takes are, from Saxony into Switzerland : from the 

 northern states of Germany, through Ratisbon, and thence by 

 the Danube into Austria; from Strasburg into Saxony; from 

 the countries on the Rhine into Italy ; and from Frankfort 

 into Austria ; and the places through which it passes are 

 Bamberg, Wiirzburg, Ratisbon, Augsburg, Hot', Nurem- 

 berg, Marksteft, and some minor towns. The principal 

 articles of export are grain, about 380,000 quarters, in value 

 about 750,000^. ; salt; timber, of which about 48,0007. from 

 the Upper Main alone ; potashes, whereof 170 tons to Franco; 

 fruit; liquorice-root, of which the Upper Mum exports 

 1 7,000 Ibs. to Austria ; seed; hops; cattle, the whole export 

 of which amounts to 10,000 heads of oxen, and 200,000 

 sheep and swine; fish; llax, 500 tons; yarn and coarse 

 linens, of which the circle of the Regen supplies to the 

 exlent of 50.000/. in value: glass; leather; Nuremberg, 

 Furlh, and Berchto.-gaden light fabrics, beer, &o. Thu 



NO, 212. 



[THE PENNY CYCLOP/EDIA.] 



VOL. IV I 



