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differed from the old in the number and positions of the 

 stars, which he had altered, as well from many nights' ob- 

 servations of his own (whether of positions or of magnitudes 

 is not stated), as from various books which he had found ; 

 and that, for this reason, he (Bayer) was anxious that the 

 old Uranometry should never be republished. These maps 

 also represented the convex side of the sphere, that men 

 might see the fronts of these Christian constellations, it being 

 judged indecorous that the apostles should turn their backs. 

 Thus we see that Bayer committed a mistake again, as far 

 as Ptolemy's sphere is concerned. He should have drawn 

 the inside or concave of the sphere, in turning the fronts 

 towards the spectator. This work of Schiller's is also men- 

 tioned by Gassendi as follows : ' Cffilum Christianum a 

 J. Bayero affectum, et a Julio Schillero confectum.' (Gass. 

 yit. Peir. in ann. 1628.) It is remarkable that, in this edi- 

 tion, Bayer has abandoned his letters and taken numbers, 

 either of his own or from Ptolemy. The plates are remark- 

 ably well executed for the period, and the grouping of the 

 constellations is strikingly beautiful, but the stars are almost 

 lost in the shading. 



Schiller states, that a surreptitious edition of Bayer was 

 offered for sale at Frankfort Fair in autumn, 1624 ; which, 

 by moans of the words nord methodo detineata, was made 

 to pass for the expected edition of 1627, that is Schiller's 

 own ; but it was struck from the same plates as that of 

 1603, and therefore probably could not be distinguh-hed 

 from the subsequent editions. 



The second edition of the Uranometria (plates only, and 

 without letter-press) was printe'l at Ulm in 16-18, and the 

 third (plates only) at Ulm in 1666. In the meanwhile, the 

 letter-press of the first edition, with additions, had been 

 printed under the following clumsy title : J''.i-/>/irufio Cha- 

 rar.teru.rn eeneis Uranometrias Imaginum Taoulis insctitp- 

 torum addita. First edition, Strasburg, 162-1 ; second, Ulm, 

 1640; third, Augsburg, 1654: fourth, Ulm, 1697. 



BAYER.GOTTLIEB(THEOPHILUS) SIEGFRIED, 

 grandson of John Bayer the astronomer, was born at 

 Kcenigsberg in 1694. lie applied zealously to the study 

 of the Oriental languages under the tuition of Abraham 

 Wolf, and of some learned Rabbis : he also took a peculiar 

 interest in the study of the Chinese language. Ai'ier tra- 

 velling in various parts of Germany for his improvement, 

 he returned to Koenigsberg in 1717, when he was appointed 

 librarian to the University. In 1726 he WHS called to 

 Petersburg to fill the chair' of Greek and Roman Antiqui- 

 ties, and was there much noticed by the minister, Count 

 Ostermann, and by the Bishop of Novogorod. His health 

 became much impaired by intense study, and he died in 

 February, 1 738. He wrote numerous works, some of 

 which are printed separately; others are inserted in the 

 Memoirs nf the Academy of Peiertburg and in the Acta 

 Eruditorum ; and some were left at his death in MS. Of 

 thiiM; that have been published separately the principal are: 

 I. Museum Sinicum, 2 vols. 8vo. Petersburg, 1730. The 

 greater part of the first volume is occupied by an interesting 

 preface, in which the author recapitulates the labours of 

 tho-ii! who preceded him in the field of Chinese literature ; 

 this is followed by a general Chinese grammar ; and by a 

 grammar of the popular Chinese dialect of the province of 

 Chin Chen, which, he says, (lifters but little from the lan- 

 guage of the learned or mandarins. This is followed by a 

 letter from some missionaries at Tranquebar, concerning 

 the Tamul language. The second volume contains a Chi- 

 nese Lexicon, extracts from several Chinese works, a com- 

 mentary on the Siao ul lun, or Origines Sinicoe, a treatise 

 on Chinese chronology ; and another on the weights and 

 measures of the Chinese. The plates of the Chinese cha- 

 rs in this work are said (Hiographie Universelte) to 

 be badly executed. 2. DP. Ilnrix Kinicit et Cyclo Hnrario 

 Commentations!, 4to. Petersburg, 1735. 3. Historia Os- 

 rh'ierin rt Eiti^srna ex mimis illuxtrata, 4to. 1734, fl'og. 

 . This work, which he dedicated to Joseph Simonius 

 uni, is much esteemed. 4. Historia Rrgni Grcccorum 

 mni, 17.18. [Sue BVCTRIA.] 5. De Nummis Rnmanif 

 i rrper/is. 6. De Eclipsi Sinica liber tin- 

 i whirh he examines and confutes the Chinese 

 .iit of a total eclipse, which a Jesuit asserted to have 

 .red at the time of our Saviour's death. (See Weidler, 

 p. 171.) Of his sratt'Trd 'li^-crtations, some are on the 

 ;i nl I'rahmanic languages: one is 

 :!<r on some books in an 

 '^e, foTind near Hie banks of the Caspian 



Sea; one is a translation from Confucius, and another, 

 De Imcriptionibus ludoeorum Gr&cis et Lotinis, &c. He 

 wrote also Historia Congregationis Cardinalium de Pro- 

 paganda fide, 4to., 1721, giving an account of that cele- 

 brated institution, in which, however, he displayed some- 

 what of a prejudiced spirit and sectarian intolerance. He 

 himself afterwards, writing to Lacroze, said that he was not 

 altogether satisfied with his work, and that he intended to 

 make more accurate researches on the subject. His Opus- 

 cula, which treat of several topics of erudition, were pub- 

 lished by Klotz, 8vo., Halle, 1770, wiih a biography of 

 Bayer. There is also a life of Bayer in the Bibliotheque 

 Germanique, vol. 1., from which Chaufepif has taken his 

 account of that writer in the Nouveau Dictionnaire His- 

 torique. 



BAYEUX, a town in the department of Calvados, in 

 France, 17 miles W. by N. of Caen, the capital of the de- 

 partment, and 151 miles in the same direction from Paris, 

 49 ] 7' N. lat., 44' W. long. It is on the little river Aure, 

 and only about 5 or 6 miles from the coast. 



In the earliest times this place was a chief seat of the 

 Druids. After the Roman conquest, if not before, it appears 

 to have borne the name of Arasgenus, and subsequently that 

 of Baiocasses (from the people whose capital it was), and 

 by contraction, Baiocae, and Baiocas. From these latter 

 forms, Bayeux, its modern name, has sprung. Roman relics, 

 vases, statues, and medals, have been dug up in considerable 

 numbers. Under the kings of France, of the Merovingian 

 and Carlovingian races, the town was of considerable import- 

 ance, and it had a mint. Bayeux was destroyed by the 

 Normans, and rebuilt and peopled by them. The dukes of 

 Normandy regarded it as the second place in their duchy, 

 and had a palace here. It was however pillaged and burned 

 by Henry I. of England, in the beginning of his reign. It 

 suffered severely in the invasions of France by Edward III. 

 and Henry V., as well as in the religious wars of the sixteenth 

 century. The bishopric was erected in the fourth century, as 

 it is believed ; and the bishops claimed, on account of the an- 

 tiquity of the see, superiority over the other bishops of the 

 ecclesiastical province of Neustria, or Normandy: but the 

 popes, to whom, in 1581, the question was referred, did not 

 allow their superiority ; without however, so far as appears, 

 disputing the fact (the early origin of the see) on which 

 the claim was grounded. 



The town is old, and ill built, with the exception of one 

 good street. The houses are chiefly of wood and plaster, but 

 some are of stone. The antient cathedral is the oldest place 

 of worship in Normandy. It is in the form of a cross, with 

 pointed arches and two spire-crowned towers of unequal 

 height at the western end, and a central tower, which is infe- 

 rior to the two western towers in height. These towers are of 

 inferior architecture. ' The end spires,' says Dr. Dibdin, ' are 

 rather lofty than elegant ; in truth they are, in respect to 

 form and ornament, about as sorry performances as can be 

 seen.' There are five porches at the western end, the central 

 one rather large, the two on each side comparatively small. 

 They were formerly covered with sculptured figures, but the 

 Calvinists in the sixteenth century, and the Revolutionists 

 in the eighteenth, have much mutilated and defaced them. 

 The interior of the cathedral is plain, solid, and rather bare 

 of ornament. Dr. Ducarel, who visited it in 1752, says that it 

 was not adorned with any statues or other ornaments, and 

 that the pictures and painted glass were very indifferent. 

 The walls and chapels of the choir were once covered with 

 large fresco paintings, now nearly obliterated. In each side 

 of the nave are richly-ornamented arches, springing from 

 massive single pillars. The choir is rather fine, and the 

 flying buttresses of the exterior of the nave are admirable. 

 The lead was stripped from part of the roof during the 

 revolution for the purpose of making bullets, and the build- 

 ing in consequence exhibits indications of decay. There 

 is a crypt or subterraneous chapel, the walls of which are 

 covered with paintings, some probably of the fifteenth cen- 

 tury, and some still older. The extreme length of the 

 interior is about 315 English feet by 81 feet high, and about 

 1 j feet wide. The transepts are about 1 20 feet long, by 35 

 feet wide. The cathedral, after being twice or thrice rebuilt 

 by the Normans, was erected in its present form (except 

 one of the western towers, and some other parts evidently of 

 later origin) by Philip de Harcourt.who held the see in the 

 middle of the twelfth century : but it seems doubtful whether 

 some part does not belong to the earlier edifice erected by 

 bishop Odo, brother of William the Conqueror. The chapter- 



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