B A Z 



74 



B A Z 



ixtoenth century, and placed under the control of the 

 Bishop of Pampeluna as the pope's vicar. 



In the invasion of France by the allie* under the Duke 

 of Wellington, in 1814, tho citadel of Bayonne was invested 

 by a force uiul.T I.icutenant-General Sir John Hope. On 

 the morning of the Nth April, several days after hosti- 

 lities in the north of France the then great scene of war- 

 fare had been terminated by the abdication of Napoleon, 

 sortie look place from the entrenched camp formed by the 

 French in front of the citadel. The attack, though repulsed, 

 caused a severe loss (800 officers and men killed, wounded, 

 or taken) to the besiegers. Sir John Hope was taken 

 prisoner, and Major-General Hay, the general commanding 

 the line of outposts, was killed. 



Bavonne was the scene of an interview, in 1364, between 

 Catherine do' Medici and the Duke of Alba, one of the 

 chief officers of Philip II. of Spain, at which it has been 

 supposed the massacre of the Hu<nienot or Protestants was 

 devised, though not executed till seven years after, on the 

 day of SL Bartholomew. When the massacre took place, 

 however, DOrther, commandant of Bavonne, refused to 

 execute the orders of the court. He replied to the king's 

 order in these words: 'I have found. Sire, in Bavonne, 

 only pood citizens and brave soldiers, but not one execu- 

 tioner.' Bayonne was the scene of the arrest of Charles 1 V. 

 und Ferdinand VII. of Spain in 1808. 



BAYSWATKR, one of the suburbs of London, deno- 

 minated a hamlet, and situated three miles and a hull' vest 

 of St. Paul's. Like most of the other suburbs of the me- 

 tropolis which retain their old denominations of villages 

 and hnmlets, Bayswater has of late years been much en- 

 larged by tho addition of new streets and houses. At the 

 eastern extremity of Bayswater is the Queen's Lying-in- 

 Ho-pital, a retired building surrounded by an extensive gar- 

 den. The charity was originally established at Uxbridjji' in 

 1752, but was removed hither in 1791 ; it is supported by 

 annual subscriptions, and affords assistance to poor pregnant 

 women at their own houses, if within a limited distance, or 

 receives them into the hospital. The tea-gardens in Bays 

 water occupy the site of the house and botanical garden ol 

 Sir Joseph Hill, whose various writings and high-sounding 

 nostrums were popular in their day. In the neighbourhood 

 is one of the conduits formerly used for supplying the city 

 with water. It belongs to the City of London, and still 

 serves to convey water by brick drains to some western 

 parts of the metropolis. There is also a reservoir of some 

 magnitude belonging to tho Grand Junction Water Com- 

 pany at Bayswater. The population is not stated separately 

 from that of the parish of Paddington, to which it belongs, 

 (Lysons's Environ* nf London ; Brewer's Middlesex, &c.) 



BA'ZA, the Roman Basti, a city of Andalusia, in the 

 kingdom of Granada, 37 30' N. lat., 2 50* W. long. It is 

 situated near tho river Guadalquiton in a valley in the 

 Sierra de Baza, which, according to some geographers, is 

 a branch of the Sierra Nevada. The hoya or valley o: 

 Baza is very productive in grain, fruit, hemp, and llax 

 The city, which is of very old construction, was taken from 

 the Moors by Fernando the Catholic, in 1489, after a seven 

 months' siege. Baza is a bishop's see, has a cathedral, 

 three parishes, six convents, an ecclesiastical seminary, an 

 hospital, and six inns. The population amounts to 11,486 

 inhabitants. At the distance of two miles from the citj 

 several interesting antiquities of the Augustan age, belong- 

 ing to the city of Basti, have been dug up by the farmers 

 These monuments, on which a curious antiquarian would 

 set a high value, are only dug from the earth to be buried 

 in the house of some obscure farmer. 



Baza is the capital of tho district which bears its name 

 and comprises fifty-four towns and villages and three cities 

 beside* the capital, viz., Purchena, Vera, and Mujacar. 

 The Sierra de Baza abounds in trees, which supply tin- in- 

 habitants with timber and fire-wood : it produces also lca<i 

 in great abundance, as well as marble, the most celebrated 

 of which is that of Macacl. Six miles from Baza is a hot 

 spring, called Los Bafiosde Benzalema(Benzalema's hath*) 

 the temperature of which i* .'to RAaumur. The inhabitants 

 of the district are exclusively employed in agriculture. 



BA/AAH. The word bazaar Persian, and its primary 

 meaning is a market, nfnrnm. In Turkey. F.g\ pt. Persia. 

 and India this term distinguishes those parts of towns whicb 

 are exclusively appropriated to trade. In this exclusive np- 

 pri'prution they resemble our markets: hut mother r-s|,,.,-N 

 they approximate more nearly to our retail shops. We have 



nterpreted the word in its large sense ; for although the term 

 lazaar is in this country commonly understood to mean an 

 assemblage of shops or stalls undercover, yet in fact it equally 

 applies to open places in which bulky commodities are offered 

 for sale. Such places sometimes occur in eastern towns, and 

 are used chiefly in the early morning, at least in summer, 

 for the sale of vegetables and cattle. If n place in the open 

 ground outside a town be commonly applied to this use, it 

 will be called a bazaar, aud will be distinguished, as in all 

 other cases, by joining to the word ' bazaar the name Ot 

 the commodity sold. In large towns, however, such markets 

 are generally near or in the midst of the regular covered 

 bazaars; except the market for cattle, which is always out- 

 side or at the extremity of t lie town. In some places bazaars 

 are rather extensive squares, the sides of which are lined 

 with shops under arcades. In a few cases the covered 

 ways branch off with some regularity from these squares 

 as from a centre : and in one of the best specimens of the 

 open market, at Kermanshah in Persia, the palace of the 

 prince-governor occupies one of its sides. Wbtn, however, 

 as in this and some other instances, the principal open area 

 in the city is thus appropriated, its distinctive appellation of 

 the Maidan, or square, is retained. 



The regular bazaars consist of a connected series of streets 

 and lanes, and, when of a superior description, they are 

 vaulted with high brick roofs. The domes or cupolas 

 which surmount the vaulting admit a subdued daylight ; 

 and as all direct ray-, of the sun are excluded, a 

 paratively low temperature is obtained. The description Oi 

 a good bazaar in Persia is a description of a good bazaar in 

 Turkey or India. Nevertheless, the Persian bazaars are 

 rather more light and lively than those of Turkey. They 

 are painted in many places, and sometimes decorated, parti- 

 cularly under the domes, with portraits of the heroes of the 

 country, with representations of battles or hunts, with figures 

 of real or fabulous animals, and with other subjects. The 

 approaches to the bazaars are commonly lined with low 

 shops, in which commodities of little value are exposed for 

 sale. These approaches are sometimes open to ihu sky ; 

 hut they are more generally covered ui a rude manner with 

 branches of trees, and leaves laid upon beams. In many 

 of the provincial towns of Turkey and Persia, the bazaar, as 

 a whole, would answer to this last description ; and in others 

 it is nothing more than a mud platform continued along the 

 way side, about two feet above the footpath, on which little 

 covered shops are raised, that are mere boxes, scarcely 

 affording room for the vendor to sit down on a bit of carpet 

 or felt in the midst of his scanty stork. 



In the best specimens of the vaulted bazaar the passages 

 are lined on each side with a uniform series of shops, the 

 floor of which is a platform raised from two to three feet 

 above the level of the ground, and faced with brick. As 

 the vault springs from the front of the line of shops, they 

 seem like a series of recesses, and the partition-walls be- 

 tween them appear like piers supporting the arch. These 

 recesses are entirely open in front, in all their height and 

 breadth ; they are scarcely more than very small <; 

 seldom exceeding six feet in breadth, rarely so deep as 

 wide, but generally from eight to ten feet in" height, and 

 occasionally more. But in the more respectable parts of 

 large bazaars there is generally a little door in the hack 

 wall which conducts to another small and dark closet, which 

 serves the purpose of a store-room. The front cell is the 

 shop, on the floor of which the master sits with his goods all 

 around him, the articles most in demand being placed so 

 within his reach that he has seldom occasion to rise, which, 

 if he is a Turk, ho rarely does without manifest ickici 

 Such a dealer offers a very singular contrast to our i.lc.is 

 of a shopkeeper, being the very personification of luxurious 

 repose as IK king Ins pipe: or, if in winter, when 



these berths are chilly and uncomfortable, bending over a 

 brazier of burning charcoal. The neighbouring shopki 

 have much coniimimcutioii with one another, and generally 

 exhibit as much alacrity in promoting the interest of a 

 neighbour as can be compatible with attention to their own. 

 Indeed, a stranger might bcdUpnscd to imagine that all the 

 tradesmen in the same line ol business are in a general 

 partnership, so little anxiety does any on, exhibit to obtain 

 a preference, and so willingly does he inform a customer 

 where he may obtain an article more exactly suited t 

 wants than he can himself supply. This is more apparent 

 in Turkey than in Persia. Per.-ian, Armenian, and Jewish 

 shopkeepers are in general more civil and obliging than 



