B E A 



B E A 



rature of these waters is 35 of Reaumur or 111 nearly 

 of Fahrenheit ; they are recommended for disorders of the 

 head and stomach. The spring called the 'fountain of 

 Arquebusade ' is recommended for the cure of ulcers and 

 wounds. There are other mineral waters at les Eaux Bonnes 

 in the immediate neighbourhood of those just mentioned; 

 and in one or two other places, as Eseot in the Valley of 

 Aspe, and Ogou or Ogeu, near Oleron. 



The principal manufacture carried on in the district 

 seems to be that of linen. In the Voyage dans les Departe- 

 mens du Midi de la France, by Aubin Louis Millin (Paris, 

 1811), the number of weavers in and around Pau was esti- 

 mated at nearly a thousand, who were chiefly if not wholly 

 occupied in manufacturing the large square handkerchiefs 

 called, from the district, mouchoirs de Beam. The uni- 

 formity of price, pattern, and workmanship in these articles 

 made them appear like the production of the same manu- 

 factory. The hams which go by the name of Bayonne 

 hams, because exported from that town, are cured in Beam, 

 and are considered to owe their exquisite flavour to the salt 

 of Saillies already noticed. 



The capital of B6arn was Pau, on the Gave de Pau, the 

 birth-place of Henry IV. of France and of many other emi- 

 nent persons. Pau had in 1832 a population of 10,597 for 

 the town, or 11,285 for the whole commune. Orthez or 

 Orthes, on the Gave de Pau, had at the same time 5195 

 inhabitants for the town, or 7121 for the whole commune. 

 Saillies or Salies had 4 730 for the town, or 8420 for the 

 whole commune ; and Oleron, at the junction of the Gavcs 

 d'Aspe and Ossau, had 5850 for the town, or 6458 for the 

 whole commune, or, including the suburb of St. Marie and 

 its commune, 9829. [See PAU, OLE'HON, ORTHE V S, and 

 Su.iHS.] Besides these more important places there are 

 within the boundaries of the district Nay or Nai, on the 

 Gave de Pau above Pau, which carries on a considerable 

 in linen cloths and handkerchiefs, and gave birth 

 to Abbadie, a celebrated Protestant theological writer. We 

 have no authority for the population of Nay later than the 

 Dictionnaire Universel de la France (Paris, 1804), which 

 gives it as 2262. Navarreins, on the Gave d'Oleron, is a 

 led place, and contained in 1826 a population of 1385. 

 It owes its origin to Henry d'Albret, maternal grandfather 

 of Henry IV., and is of a square form, regularly built, in 

 the midst of a fertile plain. 



The Bearnois are a lively race, of industrious habits, sober 

 and frugal, but they are charged with selfishness and dis- 

 simulation. According to Piganiol, who wrote above a cen- 

 tury ago, a number of the peasantry used to go to Spain, to 

 till the ground or gather in the hay harvest, and to bring 

 back their earnings to their own land. Their patois or 

 dialect is agreeable, copious, and expressive, well suited to 

 poetry or music. 



"Beam was included in the country of the Aquitani, ac- 

 cording to the threefold division of Gaul laid down by Julius 

 Csar in the beginning of his Commentaries. It was sub- 

 jugated by the Romans, and upon the downfall of their 

 empire came into the hands of the Goths, from whom it was 

 wrested by the Franks under Clovis. It was, however, sub- 

 sequently lost by the Franks, but came again into their 

 possession in the time of Charlemagne. In 820, Louis le 

 Debonnaire, son of Charlemagne, conferred the vice-county 

 of Beam on the son of the Duke of Gascony.and it continued 

 in the possession of his family till 1134. By failure of the 

 male line of his posterity it passed into other families, as 

 those of the Viscounts of Gavnret, the Moncades, who were 

 among the chief nobles of Catalonia, and the Counts of Foix. 

 acquired possession of the district of Bigorre, and 

 intermarried with the royal family of Navarre. By this in- 

 termarriage the kingdom of Navarre, the principality of 

 Beam, and the counties of Foix and Bigorre came into the 

 hands of one possessor. On the failure of heirs male they 

 were conveyed by marriage into the family of D'Albret, and 

 augmented by the inheritance of that family. Of this fa- 

 mily sprang Henry IV. .who inherited the country of Beam 

 and Lower Navorre, and, as it seems, of Foix, with the title 

 of king of Navarre ; but the country of Upper Navarre, south 

 of the Pyrenees, had been wrested from his great-grand- 

 father by'the ambition of Ferdinand V., King of Arragon. 

 On the accession of Henry to the throne of France, Bi'arn 

 was united with France, and has continued to be so united 

 ever since. It was one of the provinces which enjoyed the 

 privilege of a local house of assembly of the nobility, clergy, 

 and commons. 



According to Expitly, the population of Beam was ascer- 

 tained in 1698 to be 198,000. Expilly estimated it at 210,000 

 in 1 762. From the entire change of the territorial divisions 

 of France, it is difficult to give the present population ; but 

 the three arrondissements of Pau, Oleron, and Orlhes, which 

 nearly coincide with Beam, had in 1832 a population of 

 277,106. 



(Encyclopedie Method., Geog. Physique; Piganiol de 

 la Force Nouvelle Description de la France ; Voyage dans 

 les Departemens du Midi de la France, par A. L. Millin, &c.) 



BEATIFICATION, an act by which the pope permits a 

 ' servus Dei,' i. e. an individual who died in good repute as a 

 virtuous and holy man, to be worshipped, and his image to 

 be placed on the altar within the limits of some diocese, pro- 

 vince, or town, or within the houses of the religious order to 

 which the deceased belonged, defining at the same time the 

 peculiar mode of worship allowed, by prayers, masses, &c., 

 until the time he may be duly canonized as a saint. The 

 distinction between beatification and canonization is this 

 the first is a mere permission to honour anil worship in some 

 particular district, and the object of this veneration is styled 

 Beatus; canonization is an injunction to venerate the object 

 of it as a saint, ' Sanctus,' acknowledged by the whole church. 

 Originally it was the bishop of the diocese who allowed the 

 veneration or worship of deceased individuals whom he 

 deemed worthy of it, and when the worship extended to 

 other dioceses, and by degrees to the church in general, 

 'with the consent, tacit or expressed, of the supreme pon- 

 tiff,' then the worship, which was before that of simple bea- 

 tification, acquired the character of canonization. But 

 when, in after times, the question both of beatification and 

 canonization was referred to the Roman See, the pontiffs, 

 in granting the first, always made the distinction : ' dum- 

 modo propter prajmissa canonizatus, aut canonizata, non 

 censeatur.' (Benedict! XIV., Opera, vol. i. de Servorum 

 Dei Beatificatione.) In the same chapter Benedict XIV. 

 determines the regulations as to the proceedings, evidence, 

 &c., to be gone through previous to granting the writ of bea- 

 tification. It may be granted to two classes of individuals, 

 martyrs and confessors. After beatification has been ob- 

 tained, a new suit and fresh evidence of sanctity are required 

 in order toobtain the canonization of the same individual. In 

 May, 1807, five Beati were canonized, or declared Saints, in 

 St. Peter's church, by Pius VII. The ceremony is very 

 expensive, and therefore is not performed very frequently. 

 It is only since the pontificate of Alexander VII. that the 

 ceremony of beatification has been performed in St. Peter's 

 church, with great solemnity. Applications for the honour 

 of beatification are generally made by the friends or rela- 

 tions of the deceased, or by the brethren of the religious 

 order of which he was a member ; evidence of his conduct 

 and merits is collected, and laid before a congregation of 

 cardinals and prelates ; counsel is employed by the appli- 

 cants, while another counsel opposes the petition and endea- 

 vours to find flaws in the evidence. This latter office is per- 

 formed by a legal officer of the Roman See, who has been nick- 

 named I'Awocato del Diavolo, ' the devil's advocate,' as he 

 performs what is considered an ungracious part, by opposing 

 the admission of a candidate into the category of the saints. 

 BEATON, CARDINAL DAVID, Archbishop of St. 

 Andrew's, and Lord High Chancellor to Mary Queen of 

 Scotland, was a younger son of John Beaton or Bethune of 

 Balfour, in the shire of Fife, by a daughter of David Mony- 

 penny of Pitrailly in the same shire : and nephew to Bishop 

 James Beaton, Lord Chancellor to King James V. He was 

 born in 1494 (Keith's Bishops, p. 36), and after passing 

 through his grammar education, was, on the 2Gth October, 

 1511, matriculated of the university of Glasgow (M'Crie's 

 Melville,, vol. i. App. Note M.), whence he was sent to 

 France * to study the civil and canon laws. On the death 

 of Secretary Panter in 1519, he was appointed resident for 

 Scotland at the French court ; and about the same time his 

 uncle the chancellor bestowed on him (then designated only 

 clericus S. Andreoo diocesis) the rectory of Cnmbuslang, in 

 the diocese of Glasgow. In 1 523 his uncle, now translated 

 from that sec to the primacy of St. Andrew's, resigned in his 

 favour the rich monastery of Arbroath in commendam, and 

 also prevailed on the pope to dispense with his taking the 

 habit for two years: this time he spent in France, and 

 then returned to Scotland, where we immediately find him 



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