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things in nature which are peculiarly fitted to be subjects 

 fur a painter, are properly said to have picturesque beauty, 

 as those forms and postures which would appear to most 

 advantage in marble might, as has been truly remarked, be 

 said to have sculpturesque beauty. There are certain 

 general characteristics of these two arts, as that painting 

 best represents expression, while sculpture best represents 

 character ; that painting embraces a vast variety of subjects, 

 while sculpture confines itself almost exclusively to the hu- 

 man figure and some of the nobler animals, which may be 

 here pointed out ; but to determine the peculiar provinces of 

 these two arts respectively requires a separate investigation, 

 with reference not to the general subject of beauty, but to 

 the capabilities and advantages of each, and would be ma- 

 terially assisted by a knowledge of those mechanical pro- 

 cesses and mysteries of art which the professed sculptor or 

 painter can themselves alone possess. 



(On the difference between painting and sculpture, see 

 Price On the Picturesque, vol. ii. pret. p. xii-xiv. ; Miiller, 

 Archteol. der Kunst, $ 27 ; Philological Museum, vol. ii. 

 pp. 05-ysj 



[On the relation of the beautiful and the sublime, see the 

 article SUBLIMITY.] 



BEAUVAIS, a city in France, capital of the department 

 of Oise, upon the little river Tilt-rain or Terrein, at the 

 point where it receives the Avelon, another small stream. 

 The Tilt-rain is a feeder of the Oise. The town is on the 

 road from Paris to Abbeville and Calais, 4 1 miles N. by W. 

 of Paris, in 4'J 27' N. lat., 2 3 4' E. long. While the old 

 territorial division of France remained, it was included in 

 the lie de France, but was near the border towards Picardie. 

 Beauvais is a very antient town, and was known to the 

 Romans by the name of Ccosaromagus, which was afterwards 

 changed for that of Bcllovaci, the name of the Gallic tribe 

 whose chief town it was. The Bellovaci were distinguished 

 among the Belgic Gauls for number, valour, and influence ; 

 and took an active part in the resistance to Julius Caesar, 

 when he first carried his arms into that part of the country. 

 They agreed to contribute 60,000 men to the confederate 

 army of natives, but the skill and perseverance of the Romans 

 triumphed over all opposition ; and the Bellovaci with their 

 neighbours submitted to a foreign yoke. Several writers of 

 great learning, Sanson, Scaliger, and Valois, have consi- 

 dered that Brutuspantium, the town into which the Bellovaci 

 retreated with their effects on Caesar's approach, was iden- 

 tical with Csesaromagus, or Beauvais ; and D'Anville him- 

 self was at first of the same opinion, though he afterwards 

 considered the site of Bratuspantium to be in the neighbour- 

 hood of Breteuil in Picardie. (D'Anville, Notice de I 'An- 

 cienne Gaule ; Expilly, Dictionnaire des Oaules et de la 

 France.) 



Beauvais is of considerable size, but ill built ; the streets 

 are tolerably wide, but the number of wooden houses pre- 

 senting their gables Iff the street, and destitute of any regu- 

 larity, gives to the place a shabby appearance. The great 

 place, or square, has at one end the town hall, the front of 

 which is adorned with Ionic pilasters. But the building 

 which is most worthy of notice is the beautiful Gothic ca- 

 thedral. The edifice is, however, imperfect, having neither 

 teeple. The steeple was erected in the year 15G4, 

 but, within ten years after its completion, was destroyed by a 

 tempest; and this accident prevented the completion of the 

 c hurch. The choir is of great beauty, and appears more 

 1'il'u than that of Amiens, though not really so. It is adorned 

 with ri'-hly painted windows, as antient as the time of 

 , IX. ('or St. Louis) of France. (A.D. 12-26-1270.) (Mrs. 

 C. Stuthard's l.i-ttrri during a Tour in Normandy, tyc.) 



Befere the Revolution Beauvais had, beside* its cathedral, 

 six collegiate churches and thirteen parish churches. There 

 were three abbeys for men ; one of the Benedictines of the 

 Congregation of St. Maur, one of the order of St. Augustin, 

 a third occupied first by the Benedictines, and after- 

 wards by the Lazarists ; a seminary for priests, directed by 

 the Lazaribts ; seven convents for religious of both sexes, 

 viz., four for men and three for women ; a commandery of 

 the order of Malta : two hospitals, the HOtel Uieu and the 

 ital General. The bishops of Beauvais (who were also 

 temporal peers, with the title of Counts of Beauvais) entered 

 upon their bishopricUs with great solemnity. The church 

 of St. Etiennc is more antient than the cathedral. The 

 windows of this churc-h, and especially those of the chapels 

 which surround the choir, arc of great beauty : they arc of 

 the sixteenth century. M. Maltc Brun speaks of a large and 



fine hospital erected not long since, but whether on the foun- 

 dation of either of those already mentioned is not stated. 

 The antient episcopal palace, a Gothic edifice, has been made 

 the seat of the prefect. The site of the old walls of the 

 town has been converted into a promenade, but some round 

 towers and the relicts of the wall are still standing near the 

 river Therein. There are a handsome theatre, a college, or 

 high school, a seminary for priests, and a public library of 

 no great extent. (Make Brun ; Balbi ; Expilly.) 



Beauvais is a town of considerable note for its manu- 

 factures. There is a royal manufactory of carpets, founded 

 by Colbert in 1664, and still in the hands of government. 

 A certain quantity is made every year for the furnishing of 

 the royal palaces and the public establishments, and the 

 surplus is sold to the public. These carpets are in great re- 

 pute, and fetch a high price. Woollen cloths, shawls, flan- 

 nels, and coarse woollen fabrics of various kinds are made ; 

 and the washing and spinning of wool are also carried on. 

 Linens are manufactured to a considerable extent, espe- 

 cially the kind called demi-Hollande (half-Holland), from 

 being half the length of the Dutch linens. The linen 

 manufacture, as carried on in the town, includes the spin- 

 ning of the yarn, and the weaving and bleaching of the 

 linens. To the foregoing articles may be added braid, 

 and felt for the paper-makers. Printed cottons, formerly 

 one of the staple manufactures of the town, are now made 

 only to a small extent, but some cotton yarn is spun. The 

 fuel consumed in these manufactories is, partly at least, 

 peat, which is procured in great quantity at Bresles in the 

 neighbourhood, and in several other places in the depart- 

 ment. Within a few years courses of instruction in geo- 

 metry and mechanics applied to the arts have been esta 

 blished with success. There is a Tribunal de Commerce 

 or committee for deciding disputes in commercial affairs. 

 (Dupin, Forces Productives et Commerciales de la France.) 

 The population in the year 1832 was 12,867. The ar- 

 rondissement of Beauvais had, at the same time, a popula- 

 tion of 131,385, part of whom were employed in various 

 branches of manufacturing industry. Fans, toys, glass, 

 pottery, hosiery, ribbons are among the productions of the 

 irrondissement, which comprehends C94 square miles, or 

 444,160 acres; and is subdivided into 12 cantons, and 

 244 communes or parishes. 



Beauvais was formerly a place of great strength. It was 

 unsuccessfully besieged by the English in 1443. Jean 

 Ligniere by his heroic valour succeeded in repulsing them. 

 Nearly thirty years afterwards (viz., in 1472), Charles le 

 Temeraire (the Rash), Duke of Bourgogne (Burgundy), 

 again attacked it with an army of 80,000 men, but the 

 valour of the inhabitants defeated the attempt. The women, 

 under the conduct of Joanne Lainc (called also Fourquet, 

 or Fouquet, or Jeanne la Hachette), displayed the greatest 

 courage in the defence of the place, and are said even to 

 lave exceeded the men. The exploits of Jeanne form the 

 subject of a picture in the town-hall; and, in memory of 

 this event, the women took precedence of the men in a 

 ,-early procession, which was kept up till the time of the 

 Revolution. Beauvais has produced some persons of note, 

 as Lenglet du Fresnoy, a considerable writer on history, 

 geography, ecclesiastical affairs, &c. ; and Philippe de 

 Villiers de 1'Ile Adam, grand-master of the Knights of 

 St. John of Jerusalem or Malta, distinguished by his gallant 

 mt unsuccessful defence of Rhodes against Soliman I. (tho 

 Magnificent), emperor of the Turks, in the year 1522. 



The bishoprick of Beauvais was founded about the middle 

 of the third century. It comprehends at present the depart- 

 ment of Oise. The bishop is a suli'ragan of the archbishop 

 of Reims. Several councils have been held at Beauvais. 

 At one, held in 1114, the emperor of Germany, Henry V., 

 was excommunicated. 



The name Beauvais belongs to several other places in 

 France of little note. 



BEAUVAISIS, or BEAUVOISIS, in France, the dis- 

 :rict of which Beauvais was the capital. It was formerly 

 ncluded in Picardie, but was taken from Picardie and an- 

 nexed to the He de France, with which it continued incor- 

 porated, till the old territorial divisions in Franc weere 

 superseded by the departments. The conterminous dis- 

 tricts were, on the north, the Araienois and Santcrre, 

 in the province or government of Picardie; on the south, 

 the Vexin Francois and the lie do France (taken in the 

 most restricted sense), both in the government of the He 

 de France; on the east, the Valois and the Quartier de 



