B K I. 



ins 



BEL 



rectod by a special precept that the devotees of the L- 

 fchould make 6ond /M Incisions ; l>ut, 1>< 

 officially attached to the worship of t c vie 



volunteers who, impostors or eutii 

 temple an tin- same symptoms of jihn n/\ 



scene* indeed were to bo seen in the temples of other (Iritis, 

 but more particularly in that of Bel Ion a. Tie wretched 

 ure were called /ojiafl'ef (fiom/uno, a temple), which, 

 th iiigh a torra of reproach or compassion among the edu- 

 cated, was a title of honour in their own estimation, and 

 proudly engraved on public monuments. Sec an r 



u'ivcn by Gruter, 313, 1, 'To Q. CaeciHus Apollinaris, 

 fanatic of the temple of Bellona,' and another in 312, 7. 



The worship of Bcllona was not unlike that of the goddess 

 Ma, in the sacred cities of Cappadocia and Pontus called by 

 the common name-of Comana; and hence the Roman 

 writers often use the title of Bellona when speaking of the 

 C'appadocian goddess. Straboin the same way call* her Enyo. 



The earliest orthography of the name of the Roman god- 

 dess was Duellona, agreeing with duellum, the older form 

 otbfUum. [See article B, for tho interchange of du before 

 a vowel with I/.] 



BELLOWS. This term is applied not only to the com- 

 mon instrument in use, but to any machine which serves to 

 force a current of air against a fire. The principle of all 

 these different adaptations of parts is the same, and is Very 

 similar to that of a forcing-pump. By one motion a vacuum 

 would be made, if it were not for a valve which opens to- 

 wards the incipient vacuum, and admits the air: by a con- 

 trary motion the air just admitted is expelled, not by the 

 valve which is now closed, but by any other orifice. 



When a furnace is to be supplied with a perpetual blast 

 of air, it may have two separate hollows, worked by the 

 game machinery, in such a way that one is discharging air 

 while the other is receiving a new supply. The incon- 

 venience of this construction is, that the blast, though per- 

 petual, is not of uniform strength. The blast-furnaces of 

 Merthyr, in Wales, are worked by one huge air-pump, 

 which condenses the air in spherical reservoirs, out of which 

 the blast-pipes lead to the furnaces. In cases where a 

 uniform and gentle blast is required, as in the organ, the 

 air is condensed into a reservoir called the wind-chest, which 

 supplies the pipes. [SecOiiGAN.] A patent has lately been 

 obtained for a construction bx^ which a perpetual and uni- 

 form blast is produced, and instruments for domestic use arc 

 manufactured. It consists in a vancd wheel, which is en- 

 closed in a vessel communicating with a tube, the vessel 

 and tube being, in their longitudinal section, in form like 

 that of a retort. ' A supply of air is obtained by holes in the 

 side of the vessel, so that, on turning the vane by an exterior 

 apparatus, the air is driven through the tube, and the blast 

 thus created is permanently supplied by the lateral holes. 

 These instruments are very cheap, and more effective than 

 the bellows in common use. 



The oldest representation of bellows is in the Egyptian 

 paintings copied in the work of Rosellini, now (1835) in 

 course of publication. (See M. C. PI. L.) There are two 

 pair of bellows, one on each side of the fire, with which they 

 are connected by long tubes of wood or cane, terminating in 

 pointed metal snouts. A string is attached to each he. 

 and the blower takes one string in his right hand and the 

 other in his left. He presses with one foot on the bellows 

 that in filled with air, at the same time raising his other 

 <:om that which is just exhausted, and also pulling up- 

 wards with the string that is-attached to it. 



BELLU'NO, a town in the Lombardo- Venetian king- 

 d.im, and the chief place of the province of the same name, 

 which forms the most northern part of Austrian Italy, 

 being divided from Carinthia by the Noriu Alps. In the 

 time of the Venetian republic, the district called ' il Bcllu- 

 nes*' wa* circumscribed within narrower limits than the 

 present province of Belluno, which includes the territories 

 of Keltrc and ('adore. I'lio province of Belluno is bounded 

 by thu Tyrol on the west, Fnuli on the east, Carinthia on 

 tho north, and the province of Treviso on the south. It is 

 watered in its length from N. to 8. by the river Piare. The 

 population of the province amounts to 1^2,000. (Serristori. 

 . Ulntiitin, dell' Itnlia.) The country is moun- 

 n, and afford* good pastures. Cattle, and the produce 

 of the dairy, timber, which in cut from the mountain forests 

 and floated down the Piave to Venice: and copper from the 

 mine* of Agordo, constitute the chief wealth of the country. 

 The vino and other .fruit-trees thrive, on the lower lulls 



about the valley of the Piare. The country nbounds with 

 game. An account "f the copper minc of Agordn. and thu 

 worlu connected with them, oulihshed h\ I orniani 



ilejjli Alsiarotti (Dell" StabiltlHeHtO tirl/f .\linirrr i' rrlntirt 

 l-'uhMrln- itrl I>i*trelln it .1 < 823). The 



towns of the province are Belluno, Feltre. and Codore. The 

 town of Belluno is built on a hill, near the right or western 

 bank of the Piave, in 4fi 10' N. lat., and ll" 80' E. long., 

 and 55 miles N.N.I', of Padua. It is a bishop's see, and 

 is the residence of the delegate or governor of the pio\ 

 Its population is about 8000. The cathedral was built after 

 Paliadio'9 design. The palace of the government is a hand- 

 Some structure; and the town is adorned with several 

 marble fountains. It has a gymnasium, and an 'Institute 

 d Educazione,' or higher school for the education of females, 

 besides elementary schools for the children of 1 

 Perrin Victor, one of Napoleon's generals, Marshal of 

 France, nnd Duke of Belluno, took his title from this \ 



BliLON, PIERRE, one of the fathers of natural In- 

 on the revival of letters, was born at a hamlet in a parish of 

 the French province of Maine, somewhere about the \oar 

 1518. Deservedly great as is the fame which he acquired, 

 nothing seems to be known concerning his family, winch 

 is izenerally considered not to have been of note. Medicine 

 and botany were his studies at a very early period of his life ; 

 nnd the bishops of Mans and ofClermont, and afterwards 

 the cardinals of Tournon and of Lorraine, were his patrons. 

 To their fostering care he owed his education, the means of 

 travelling, and the opportunities of publishing the observa- 

 tions which he so well knew how to make. 



He visited Germany, Bohemia, Italy, Greece, Egypt, 

 Palestine, and Asia Minor, and appeared in Paris, alter 

 three years of absence, in 15.'>U, with a fine and extensive 

 collection, which he arranged : he then proceeded to publish 

 his works. 



In 1557 he traversed Italy, Savoy, Dauphin^, and Au- 

 vergne. In 15B4, when he was about forty-five years old, 

 he was cut off in the midst of his useful career by the arm 

 of an assassin, its he was returning to Paris. The Bois de 

 Boulogne was the scene of this murder. 



It would be out of place in a work of this description to 

 give a catalogue of his various and excellent publications. 

 The sciences of botany, roology, geography, and antiquity, 

 were all enriched by his labours. 



Henry II. and Charles IX. of France reflected honour on 

 themselves by the esteem which they showed for this cele- 

 brated man, who was far in advance of the age in which 

 he lived. [See BIRDS.] 



BELOOCHISTAN, or the country of the Belooches, 

 extends along the coast of the Indian Ocean from the river 

 Indus nearly to the straits of Ormuz, beginning on the east 

 with Cape Monze or Ras Mooaree, and terminating with 

 Cape J ask on the west. In the interior it extends farther 

 east and west, so that its extreme boundaries are 57" 50' 

 and 69" 10' E. long., and 2-1 50' and 3040' N. Int. Its 

 average length may be fiOO and breadth 300 miles, which 

 will give an area of 180,000 square miles, or about the sur- 

 face of the British island and one-half more. 



This country was formerly considered as constituting part 

 of Persia and afterwards as belonging to Afghanistan ; but 

 it has lately been ascertained that its dependence on Cauhul 

 is merely nominal, and it is now considered as a separate 

 country. 



The countries bordering it on the east, and lying on both 

 sides of the lower course of the Indus, arc under the do- 

 minion of a Beloochee family, and on that account often 

 included in Beloochistan ; but we shall treat of these dis- 

 tricts in the article SINDB. 



The central parts of Iran (Persia) are occupied by exten- 

 sive deserts, which extend from S.E. to N.W. upwards of 

 fiOO miles, and in breadth in some places from li'ii to 500. 

 These deserts are inclosed on nil sides by a wide bottler of 

 mountain-tracts. BeloochiMan forms the most southern 

 p;irt of this border, and separates the. deserts from the' Indian 

 Ocean. A considerable part of tho deserts is included in 

 its boundary, and is called the desert of Heloochistan. 



The desert forms its northern boundary, except at its 

 north-eastern corner, where nn elevated mountain-region 

 joins the numerous ranges inhabited by the Cawkers, a 

 i ) Afghanistan. This mountain-re- 

 gion, evti'iiding southward nnd terminating in a single 

 range on th- i-hores of the Indian Ocean, divides H 

 chislan from binde : but a considerable tract, lying on the 



