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on the subject, which were printed and distributed by him 

 gratuitously in different countries. Some of his plans he 

 laid before the French National Assembly, and he submitted 

 to that body observations on the necessity of making swim- 

 ming and diving a branch of national education. Possessed 

 of an ample fortune, he offered prizes for essays on various 

 subjects connected with his philanthropic plans: among 

 others, one of a thousand florins for the best treatise on 

 ' Benevolent Institutions ;' and not content with this, he 

 was also the founder of several such establishments. He 

 was also active in making known the advantages of vaccina- 

 tion. During a famine in Germany in 1 805-6, he procured 

 for the poor supplies of food from districts in which famine 

 did not prevail ; and in the course of the revolutionary war he 

 converted the palace of Buchlowitz, on his estate in Moravia, 

 into an hospital for the sick and wounded. At this place he 

 died, July 26, 1 809, of a contagious nervous fever. He was 

 a courageous and enterprising traveller, possessed of agree- 

 able manners, the charm of which was heightened by the 

 variety and extent of his information. He had been cre- 

 ated a knight of the military order of St. Stephen of Tus- 

 cany. 



The results of the experience and observations of Count 

 Berchtold, as a traveller, will be found in the following 

 work, which was dedicated to Arthur Young, and published 

 in London in 2 vols. 12mo. : ' An Essay to direct and ex- 

 tend the Inquiries of patriotic Travellers ; with further 

 Observations on the means of preserving the Life. Health, 

 and Property of the inexperienced in their Journeys by Sea 

 and Land ; also a series of Questions interesting to Society 

 and Humanity, necessary to lie proposed for solution to 

 men of all ranks and employments, and of all nations and 

 governments, composing the most serious points relative to 

 the objects of all Travels.' 



To these volumes is appended a history of English and 

 foreign works, intended for the instruction and benefit of 

 travellers, and a catalogue of the most interesting Eu- 

 ropean travels which have been published in different lan- 

 guuo*. 



BEKDYCZEFF, a considerable town in the province of 

 Volhynia in Western Russia, and the capital uf liie circle of 

 Staro-Constantynof, lies upon the Guilopiat, is the largest 

 place in the whole province, but though it possesses wide 

 streets, many spacious houses, and some open squares, is 

 altogether a badly built and wretched town. It contains 

 several churches and two fortified Carmelite monasteries, in 

 one of which is a miraculous image of the Holy Virgin, on 

 which Pope Benedict XIV. bestowed a crown of gold in 

 1753. The number of its inhabitants is about 10,000. and 

 a very considerable portion of them are Jews ; independently 

 of the brisk trade which they carry on, they have three fairs 

 in the course of the year, at one of which the sales of mer- 

 chandise are from 1 50.000/. to 200.000/. in value, and several 

 thousands of horses, chiefly brought by the Kalmucks and 

 Tartars, are exposed for sale. Berdyczeff is likewise one of 

 the principal marts for furs, which are brought from the 

 northern provinces of Russia, and bought in considerable 

 quantities by the Turkish dealers. The other articles in 

 which it traffics are, grain, wine, cattle, leather, honey, and 

 wax. 4'.) 52' N. lat, 2S 55' E. long. 



BEREGH, a large county in the province ' this side of 

 the Theiss,' and in the north-eastern part of Hungary, about 

 HI 7 square miles in area. Il lies between 4H 5' and 

 48 54' N. lat, and 2ii 15' and 23 [' E. long. : its north- 

 eastern districts are separated from Austrian Galicia by a 

 south-eastern arm of the Beskide branch of the Carpathian 

 Mountains. Beregh is divided into two distinct portions by 

 the highroad which leads from Unghvar through Munkacs 

 into the county of Marmaros, by which it is bounded on the 

 east and south. One of these, the northern, is covered with 

 ranges of mountains, many of which are crowned with 

 perennial snow, and some of which exceed 3600 feet in ele- 

 vation above the level of the sea ; the other, forming the 

 southern portion, is a continued level of plain or swamp 

 The varied character of these two regions, on which nature 

 has bestowed a diversity of soil which yields whatever can 

 be grown or raised in any other part of the kingdom, has 

 obtained for Beregh the designation of ' Hungary in minia 

 ture.' The northern parts of the county and the western 

 are traversed liy the Latorcza and its hundred arms ; thi 

 eastern by the Ilosva and Borsova, the first of which mingle; 

 with the Szernyc in the great Szernye swamp ; and the 

 southern and south-western are watered almost along the 



hole line of their borders by the Theiss. Beregh is full of 



minor streams and rivulets. The great swamp of which we 



'lave just spoken, called by the natives the Szernye-Mocsar, 



r Gather-See, is situated in the south-eastern part of the 



ounty, and extends over an area of upwards of forty-two 



quare miles. In the west is a canal constructed by Count 



on Schiinhorn, between the years 1816 and 18J4, for the 



>urpose of draining the land inundated by the Latorcza, by 



neans of which he has already recovered above 14,000 



acres. 



The southern districts of Beregh are much milder in 



limate than the northern, and of much greater fertility. All 



winds of grain are cultivated, though not to an extent ade- 



|uate to the internal consumption; large quantities of oats 



ind hemp are produced in the valleys ; much fruit is raised, 



and of the wine, which is partially made, the best is produced 



n the vicinity of Bereghzasz and Muzsaly. Both the moun- 



ains and plain are studded with dense and spacious forests, 



so that, of the 7i8,160 acres of soil which are productive, 



nly 293,550 are under the plough ; the remainder, exclusive 



jf 26,250 in meadows and pastures, and rather less in vine- 



ards and gardens, is wholly occupied by forests, in which 



he fir, oak, and ash are of luxuriant growth, and from 



which excellent timber is obtained. Large herds of swine 



and cattle are reared in these forests, and they abound in 



game. In the south and west particularly, fish is plen- 



iful ; and crabs of enormous size, as well as river-tortoises 



of delicate flavour, are abundant. 



Of mineral products the mines near Bereghzasz formerly 

 rielded gold ; iron is raised near Mungats and Szeleszt , 

 and in other parts of the county, lime, gypsum, porcelain- 

 earth of brilliant whiteness and fine quality, alum, mill 

 itones, the opal, jasper, and what are called Hungarian 

 diamonds, or crystal, are obtained. The most valuable, 

 lowever, of these products are the immense beds of solid 

 alum which lie between the Borsova and the Szernye swamp, 

 and between Bereghzasz and Bene. Acidulous springs 

 exist in various parts, such as at Ploszko, Bakova, Lubcrka, 

 &c. 



The population of Beregh has been greatlv on the increase 

 of late years ; for it was but 64,223 in 1794, rose to more 

 than 81,000 in 1805, and is now upwards of 92,000 souls. 

 Df these about 53,000 are Roman Catholics and Greeks 

 who have conformed to the Roman Catholic persuasion, and 

 about 23,000 are Protestants ; the Jews exceed 4000. The 

 inhabitants are, by descent, principally Ruthens or Russians, 

 who migrated to the south simultaneously with the Magyars, 

 but settled in the districts in and about the Carpathians ; 

 the native Hungarians do not constitute one-third of the 

 people ; the German race are found chiefly on the domains 

 of the Counts von Schbnhorn, who are the proprietors of 

 two-thirds of the whole soil ; and the Sclavonian of Bohe- 

 mian extraction is met with in many parts. The chief 

 occupations of the people are agriculture, the rearing of 

 cattle, and mechanical pursuits ; but there are few quarters 

 in Hungary where the intellect has been less cultivated 

 than in this county. 



Beregh contains nine market-towns, 261 villages and 

 hamlets, and seven preedia or independent settlements. It 

 is divided into four circles, viz., Munkacs, the chief town of 

 which bears the same name, is fortified, lies on the Latorcza, 

 and has about 5000 inhabitants ; Felvidek, of which Beregh 

 on the Szernye swamp (in 48 12' N. lat.. 22 25' E. long.) 

 is the largest and most populous spot; Tiszahat, including 

 the towns of Naming, Vari, and Bereghzasz, or 'the Saxon 

 Beregh ' (in 48 II' N. lat., 22 J 3<j' E. long.), the capital of 

 the county, which is celebrated lor its millstones, and has a 

 population of about 4300 souls; and Kaszonye, of which 

 the principal town bears the same name, and is in a fine 

 corn country. 



BERENGER, one of the most learned divines of the 

 eleventh century, was a native of Tours. He was made 

 treasurer of the church of St. Martin in that city, and 

 afterwards became archdeacon of Angers. Berenger, Lan- 

 frane, and Anselm, were the restorers of logic and meta- 

 physical studies in Europe, with the assistance of Aristotle's 

 works, which were about that time imported into France 

 from the Arabian schools of Spain. Berenger was one of 

 the first who employed logical reasoning in the study of the 

 Scriptures, which had till then been interpreted according 

 to tradition and the authority of the fathers. Berenger and 

 Lanfranc asserted the principle of harmony between faith 

 and reason, religion and philosophy. They were, if not the 



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