B K R 



founders at least the proroulgators of the scholastic tlwolopy 

 whirh became so common in the whooU during the middle 

 KM. (See Mosheim BwfwMttM Hittori/. and Krurker 

 Hut'iria Cn'/i'oi Pfulttopftiir.) Berenger maintained the 

 doclnne of Sootus, that the bread and wine utcd in the 

 aenunent of the Eucharist were not transformed into the 

 body and blood of Christ, but preserved their natural and 

 ential qualities, and were only to be considered as ex- 

 ternal symbols of the body and blood of the Saviour.' This 

 had been already a subject of controversy in the Latin 

 church, but as yet no council had definitively decided upon 

 the question, i For the various opinions entertained upon 

 the subject in, and previous to, Berenger's time, see Mar- 

 tene's Voyage Lilleraire de deux Benedir-tim de la Con- 

 gregation de SI. Maur, torn. ii. p. 126.) Pope Leo IX. 

 procured the condemnation of Berenger's doctrine by the 

 councils of Rome and VcrceUi, 1049-50, and the book of 

 Scutus was also committed to the (lames. Henry I. of 

 France assembled a council at Paris for the same purpose, 

 when Berenger was again condemned and threatened with 

 temporal punishment. The king, as abbot of St. Martin ol 

 Tours, deprived him of the revenue which Berenger derived 

 from that church. Pope Victor II. summoned a council at 

 Tours in 1054, at which the monk Hildebrand, afterwards 

 Gregory VII., appeared as the pope s legate. Berengcr 

 was induced by denunciations and threats to retract his 

 doctrines concerning the Eucharist and to make hi* peace 

 with the church. We are not, however, sufficiently ac 

 quainted with the proceedings of this council to know how 

 far and in what terms Berenger retracted. We find him 

 oon after again maintaining his former tenets, upon whicl 

 Nicholas II. summoned him to Rome in 1058, am) th 

 council assembled in that city in the following year drew 

 up a confession of faith on the subject of the Eucharist 

 stating ' that the bread and wine after the priest's const-era 

 lion were not only a sacrament hut the real body and blow 

 of Christ, and consumed as such by the faithful.' Bcrcii'_'c 

 signed this confession, but soon after returning to France 

 abjured it again publicly. Alexander II. endeavoured b< 

 persuasion to induce Berenger to adhere to the confessioi 

 of the council of Rome, but unsuccessfully. Berenger hai 

 powerful friends in France who supported him. At last 

 Hildebrand, who professed a high esteem for Berenger 

 having become pope under the title of Gregory VII.. sum 

 moned him to Rome in 1078, when another council wa 

 held, before which Berenger drew up a new confession o 

 his doctrine, in which he professed to believe that the breac 

 and wine after consecration became the true body and bloot 

 of Christ. Berenger's enemies, not thinking this declara 

 tion sullicienlly explicit, another council was held in 1079 

 and Berenger was induced to declare that bread and win 

 were, by the mysterious influence of the words of the Re 

 deemer, substantially changed into the true, proper, an 

 vivifying body and blood of Christ, not only in the qualitie 

 of external signs and sacramental representations, but it 

 their essential properties and in substantial reality.' Tiii 

 is the famous doctrine of transubstantiation : Berenger, i: 

 his confession of the year lie fore, seems to have utleste< 

 only his belief of the real presence. Such is the opinion o 

 Maliillon and of some other theologians, both Catholic an 

 Lutheran, concerning Berenger s doctrine. (Seo Mosheim 

 b. iii. part ii. ch. 3, note 23, by J)r. Murdoch.) 



After the last declaration of Bercnger, Gregory VI 

 showed him great kindness and esteem, and allowed him t 

 return to France ; but Bercnger once more retracted tin 

 In.-, declaration pf 1079. La n franc wrote against him, B< 

 render replied, and the controversy was carried on accordin 

 to the scholastic method. Gregory VII. took no ftirthe 

 notice of the dispute, nor of Berenger's retractation. (See 

 a ii'Ke by Dr. Murdoch in his edition of Mosheim, where h 

 refers lo n curious treatise by Bercnger. which throws muc 

 lifcht i>n In- intercourse- with Gn-irory VII., and on th 

 onions of that pontiff on the subject of the controversy 

 which treatise is found in Martcno's 7%'irv Anrc<l<',t 

 torn. iv. p. 99.) G.x-tfory cem to have been for adhcrin 

 to the words of the Scriptures, Hoc cst corpus meun 

 (Matt. xxu. :6). ami i "t inquiring further into the natur 

 of the mysterious presence. 



md grieved with this long controversy 



. Tur, where he spent the lai 



in religious and ascetic exercises until 1088 



Lalifranc'* works : Berenger's letter 



in the Tfirtaurut An^cthlonun ; and Leiwing's Htrtngarii 



n E R 



A/r rifntis. Brunswick. 1770, in which wns published for 

 ic first time Berenger'n reply to Lanfrm -e De 



lorport ft Sangnnif .1. ('.. winch rcplv lA^sing discovered 

 i the library of Wolfenbutr 



BKRENl'CE (1), (niflM'i'rij. the Macedonian f rm of 

 .fviri)), one of the four wives of Ptolemy 1., the I under 

 f the dynasty of the Laeidoc in Egypt, and the mother of 

 tolemy II.," called Philadelphia. Berenice bad a 

 ffagas, by a former husband, who was afterwards king of 



yrene. 



Brit. Muwum. Copiwr. Wright .K* {nln,. 



The head is said to be that of Berenice, the wife of th. 

 first Ptolemy: the inscription on the other side is King 

 Ptolemaeus.' 



BERENICE (2), a daughter of Ptolemy PhilaoaJphu* 

 by Arsinoe the daughter of Lysimachus. She was the 

 sister of Ptolemy III.. Euergetes. and was given in war- 

 ri.iU'c H. c. 252 by her father to Antiochus II. king of Syria, 

 called Theus or God, who divorced his wife Laodice on the 

 occasion. After the death of Philadelphus, Anti.x liu- di- 

 vorced Bere.iice and took back Laodice, who poisoned her 

 husband and put Berenice to death together with a son horn 

 sdie had by Antiochus. To avenge Ins M-ter's death. 

 Ptolemy III., Euergetes, invaded Syria, put to death l.;i >- 

 dice, and overran the empire of the Seleucidoe. [See Pio- 

 LKMY.] 



BERENl'CE (3), the wife (about B.C. 2-18) of Ptolemy 

 III., Euergetes ; but her parentage is doubtful. Si. 

 the daughter of Manas, who was king of Gyrene and half- 

 brother of Ptolemy Philadelphus on the mother's side. Her 

 mother's name was Arsinoe, who, according to Niebunr's con- 

 jecture, was the daughter of Lysimachus and the divorced 

 wife of Ptolemy Philadelphus, as stated in the second article- 

 on ARSINOK. But the Berenice there mentioned as tin; 

 adopted daughter of Magas, ought perhaps to be considered 

 as the real daughter of Magas by Arsinoe, either the divorced 

 wife of Ptolemy Philadelphus, or more probably another of 

 the same name. At least it is certain that Berenice, the 

 daughter of Magas, who married Ptolemy Euergetes. was 

 not the Berenice (2) who was married to Antiochiis 'I 

 If Berenice who married Euergetes was the daughter .f 

 Philadelphus and the adopted daughter of Maeas. we must 

 suppose, which is not unlikely, that Philadelphia had two 

 daughters of the same name. 



This Berenice i- said to have made a vow of her hair 

 during her husband's wars in Asia. Conformably to the 

 vow, the hair was placed in the temple of Venus, from 

 which it was stolen, but Onion of Samos declared that il 

 had been taken up to the skies and placed among the seven 

 stars in the lion's tail. Callimachus wrote a poem on the 

 occasion which is now only known from the beautiful trans- 

 lation by Catullus De Coma Berenices. The name of 

 Berenice occurs in the fifth line of the Greek part of the 

 Rosetta inscription, now in the British Museum, with the 

 feminine form of her husband's appellation, Ki.rrgetis. ' thu 

 benefactress.' Berenice was put to death by her son Pto- 

 lemy IV.. Pliilopator, and his infamous mini.-tcr Si.si'nms. 



B'KKKM'CE (4). otherwise called Cleopatra, the on}) 

 legitimate child of Ptolemy VIII. (Soter II.), reigned six 

 months, the last nineteen days of them in concert with her 

 husband Alexander II., who, accm-ding to Appiuu and 

 Porphyry, murdered her nineteen days after the mum. in-. 

 B.C. 81. It appears from Appian tiiat Sulla dete.ii. 

 that this Alexander, who had loni; been an exile l;oiu 

 Eiiypt. should return and share the sovereign piwerwith 

 Berenice. 



Hrll. Vtiviim Gnlil. Wright 33 mint, n't quit.' perfect. 



