B E R 



B E R 



produce of the country. There are yearly exhibition* for 

 encouraging industry and agriculture. A great deal is done 

 in the -banking business. There is a powder manufactory, 

 breweries, tanneries, a manufacture of straw-hats, &c. 



The town has a good public library, of 30,000 volumes, 

 and a richly-endowed museum of natural history. There 

 are also many private collections of minerals, plants, coins, 

 &c., and two botanical gardens. 



The establishments for education are good, and much is 

 done at present for the instruction of all classes. The 

 academy was changed in 1834 into a university, and the 

 gymnasium is now being re-organized, as well as all the 

 schools in the canton. Almost all the inhabitants are of 

 the reformed religion. Bern is the birth-place of the cele- 

 brated Haller. (Communication from Stritzerland.) 



BERNARD, Duke of Weimar. [See THIRTY YKARS' 

 WAR.] 



BERNARD, EDWARD, was born May 2, 1638, at 

 Pauler'K Perry, near Towccster in Northamptonshire, of 

 which place his father was rector. He was educated first at 

 Northampton, afterwards at Merchant Tailors' School, Lon- 

 don, under Dugard. In June, 1655, he was elected scholar 

 of St. John's College, Oxford. Here he turned his attention 

 to the Hebrew, Syriac, Arabic, and Coptic languages, in 

 addition to the pursuits of the place ; ana also to mathema- 

 tics, which he studied under Wallis. In 1658, he was made 

 fellow of his college, B.A. in 1659, M.A. in 1662, B.D. in 

 1667, and D.D. in 1684. In 1668 he went to Leyden to 

 consult manuscripts, and brought home the three books of 

 Apollonius, which [see APOLLONIUS] Golius had brought 

 from the east. About 1669, Christopher Wren being ap- 

 pointed architect to the king, obtained leave to have a deputy 

 tor the duties of the Savilian professorship of astronomy, and 

 he appointed Bernard. The latter obtained at the same time 

 a living and a chaplaincy, but these he resigned in 1673, 

 when Wren finally resigned his professorship. The Sa- 

 vilian professors are not allowed to hold any church prefer- 

 ment, and Bernard at this time desired to succeed Wren. 

 This he did, against the advice of friends, who were un- 

 willing that he should quit the road of preferment. The 

 design which was then formed, and afterwards executed, of 

 reprinting all the old mathematicians at Oxford, seems to 

 have been his great inducement. He was not much at- 

 tached to astronomy itself, though versed in the antiquarian 

 learning connected with it. In 1676 he went to France, 

 as tutor to the dukes of Grafton and Northumberland, the 

 sons of Charles II. by the duchess of Cleveland. He staid 

 only a year, not being satisfied (Dr. Smith hints) with the 

 treatment he received. In 1 683 he went to Holland, to be pre- 

 sent at the sale of the library of Heinsius ; and being now 

 disgusted with his situation at Oxford, would have remained 

 at Leyden, if he could have obtained the professorship of 

 Oriental languages. He would havo resigned in favour 

 cither of Flamsteed or Halley, for he said he found astro- 

 nomy made life neither better nor happier. He was, how- 

 ever, unable to obtain any means of extricating himself till 

 the year 1691, when Mewes, bishop of Winchester, gave him 

 the rectory of Brightwell in Berkshire. He was succeeded 

 in the professorship by David Gregory, and subsequently 

 by Halley. Under these two the reprints of the old ma- 

 thematicians were made which distinguished the Oxford 

 press of that period ; and the labours of Dr. Bernard, who 

 passed bis life in searching for and collating manuscripts, 

 were of the greatest preliminary service. In 1693 he mar- 

 ried; in 1696 he went again to Holland, to be present at 

 the sale of the library of Golius. He died at Oxford soon 

 after his return, January, 1697, having lived a most indus- 

 trious and useful life. He left behind him a large number 

 of papers, some of them unfinished. Of his printed works 

 we shall presently speak. The life of Bernard was pub- 

 lished in 1 704, by Dr. T. Smith, his intimate friend. It is 

 written in Latin, but from the immense length of the sen- 

 tences, is almost unintelligible. The principal contents are 

 faithfully transcribed in the Biographia Brilannica, with 

 information from other sources. In either of these works 

 the catalogue of unfinished papers will bo found, as well as 

 of printed works. The latter are as follow : 



1. 'Of the Anticnt Weights and Measures,' published 

 at the end of Pococke's Commentary on Hose a, Oxford, 

 1685; reprinted with large additions, Oxford, 1688, in 

 Latin, under the title of 'Do Mensuris et 1'omlrnlm-. An 

 tiquis liliri Ire*.' It contains a good index, and an ap- 

 pended letter by Hyde, on the Chinese weights and mea- 



sures. This is a work of learning, and one of the best 

 which remain on the subject. It must be observed, that 

 Arbuthnot, in his work on ancient weights and measures, 

 never cites it, and does not seem to be aware of its exig- 

 ence: which considering the nature of the subject, very 

 much adds to the utility of both works for the purposes of 

 comparison, unless the second work bo taken from the first, 

 of which, on comparison, we do not see any very obvious 

 signs. 



2. ' Private Devotions, with a htief explication of the Ton 

 Commandments,' Oxford, 1689. 



3. ' Orbis eruditi literature a charactere Samaritico de- 

 ducta,' a table printed from a copper-plate, (in what 



is not stated,) giving at a view the letters of most antient 

 nations, collected from actual monuments; together with 

 the contractions of the Greeks, and those of physicians, ma- 

 thematicians, and chemists. 



IV. 'Canon precipuarum e stellis fixis (numero xxiii.) 

 secundum observata majorum,' in the Philosophical Trans- 

 actions for April, 1684. 



V. In the Phil. Trans, for September, 1684, is a Latin 

 letter to Flamstecd, endeavouring to prove the permanence 

 of the value of the obliquity of the ecliptic, from antient ob- 

 servations. 



VI. Etymolifgicon Britaniriruni, at the end of Hickes's 

 Grummaticu Anglosaxonica et Muetogothica. It contains 

 the Russian, Slavonic, Persian, and Armenian derivations 

 of English and British words. 



VII. Chronologies Samuritanes Synopsii, a letter to J. 

 Ludolf ; who published it in the Acta Eruditorum for April, 

 1691. 



VIII. Notee in Fragmentum Segtiii'i-ianum Stephani 

 Byzantini. A part of this only, that relating to D< 



was published by Gronovius at the end of his I-..K r<-it<ittone 

 deDodone, Leyden, 1681. It is praised by Fabricius. 



IX. Adnotationes in Kpistolam Sancti liarnaba; Oxford, 

 1685. In Bishop Fell's edition. 



X. Adnotationes in Scriptores Apostolicos, in the Am- 

 sterdam edition of Cotelerius' Apostolical Fathers. 



XI. Scholia et Annotationes in Grcfcai inscriptiones Pal- 

 myrenorum, Utrecht, I 698. 



XII. Collection of letters of Robert Huntington, &c., pub- 

 lished with Dr. Smith's life of Bernard. (See the life of 

 Huntington in the same work.) 



XIII. Veterum Matfiemalicorttm Greecorum, Lutinortim, 

 et Arabum, synopsis. A catalogue, being a sort of pro- 

 spectus of the scheme of publication hereinbefore alluded to. 

 In the same work as the laM. 



XV. Testimoniu aliquot, $c. de LXXII lnterpn-tii>n\ 

 eorumque Versione. At the end of Aldrich's edition of 

 Aristeas, Oxford, 1692. 



The work of Aristarchus, as published by Wallis, was 

 collated by Bernard, and the result of his collation of the 

 text of Euclid may be said to be published in Gregory's ce- 

 lebrated edition. (See its Preface.) 



BERNARD, ST., abbot of Claitvaux, one of the ino-t 

 distinguished saints in the Roman calendar, w;>s horn 

 at Fontaine, in Burgundy, in tin- year 1091. His father 

 was Tecelinus, a nobleman uml a soldier : his mother s 

 name was Aleth. Both his parents were persons of great 

 piety, according to the notions of that ago. Bernard was 

 the third of seven children. From his infancy he was de- 

 voted to religion and study, and after having been educated 

 at the university of Paris, at that time one of the most cele- 

 brated seats of learning in Europe, at the age of t\\ cnt\ -t\\ o 

 he entered the Cistercian monastery of Ctteaux, near Dijon 

 in Burgundy. His influence on the minds of others, CM n 

 at that early age, is shown by his inducing upwards of 

 thirty of his companions, including his five brothers, to ac- 

 company him in his retreat. The Cistercian order was at 

 that time the strictest in France, and Bernard so recom- 

 mended himself by the most rigorous practice of its austeri- 

 ties, that in the year 1115 he was selected as head of the 

 colony which founded the abbey of Clairvaux in Cham- 

 pagne. For some time he practised such severities ns to 

 injure his health, but he afterwards acknowledged his error, 

 and relaxed his discipline, both with respect to himself and 

 others. 



His reputation soon rose so high, that in 1128 he was 

 employed by the grand master of the Templars to draw up 

 the statutes of that order. Sm-li was his intluenee, that in 

 defiance of all justice, he prevailed on the king, clergy, and 

 nobility of France assembled at Etanipes, near Paris, to 



