ER 



fmntry. The governor's . house is now appended to tkem 

 for officers' barrack*. The bridge over UK- Tweed, con- 

 sisting of fifteen archet, in 944 feet long from the bridge 

 gate to the landing abutment on tlia Tweodniouth side, 

 but it is only seventeen feet vide. It was built in the 

 reign* of James I. and diaries I., and u the property of the 

 Crown. An annual allowance is paid by 1:1. tMaaun to 

 the corporation for keeping it in repair. The Tweed U a 

 navigable river as high as the bridge, and the tide Hows 

 about seven miles farther, but the entrance of the river is 

 narrowed by sand-banks. To remedy this inconvenience, 

 there is a stone pier, built on the projecting rocks at the 

 north entrance of the Tweed, under an act of parliament 

 passed 18th June, 1808: it is nearly half a mile in length, 

 and terminated by a light-house. The ordinary spnn-.'- 

 tides rise fifteen feet. The quays and warehouses are suf- 

 ficiently extensive and commodious, and there is a patent 

 slip for the repair of vessels. There are no docks, the want 

 of which is much felt. A life-boat has been lately procured 

 for the port. With the single exception of an iron-foundry, 

 there is not a manufacturing establishment that deserves tlie 

 name within many miles of Berwick. A railway was pro- 

 posed between Kelso and this town, for which an act of 

 parliament was obtained, and ample subscription lists filled, 

 and yet it was abandoned. Still, few towns possess more 

 local advantages for manufactures. In the midst of a wool 

 country, from which a large quantity ii annually drawn to 

 the manufacturing districts of Yorkshire, possessing many 

 excellent falls of water, with inexhaustible mines of coal in 

 the- immediate neighbourhood, a port from which produce 

 of all kinds might be shipped and received with the greatest 

 facility, there is not one manufactory established within 

 f"rty miles of Berwick, by which any of these advantages 

 are enjoyed by the capitalist, or by the people whom he 

 might employ. 



An iron foundry, established something less than forty 

 years ago, employs upwards ?>f sixty hands. It supplies not 

 only the district round about with steam-engine and thrash- 

 ing mill castings, and others in general use, but sends con- 

 siderable quantities of hollow ware and a variety of other 

 castings to London, and to the British Colonies in North 

 America. Its manufacture includes almost every article of 

 cast-iron. The gas-light apparatus for this town, Perth, 

 and several other places, was made here, and last year the 

 proprietors erected the works at Galashiels and at Jedburgh, 

 which are just completed. 



Until within the last twenty years, a highly lucrative 

 trade ws carried on in the export of pork and cJus to Lon- 

 don, the annual value of the latter article alone being at 

 least 30.000A, and of pork about 10.0001. Since the peace 

 this trade has totally ceased, and the metropolis is now sup- 

 plied by Ireland and the Continent. Berwick is now a 

 bonding port. The exiting trade of the town is principally 

 confined to the exporting of salmon and corn, and of coals 

 to London, and various ports in Scotland, and to foreign 

 countries; and latterly considerable quantities of ale from 

 Ednuiii brewery, and of whisky from the distilleries of 

 Gunsgreen and Kelso. have been shipped to London. There 

 are regular traders between Berwick, London, Kings ton- 

 upon-Hull, Newcastle-upon-Tvne, and Leith. Formerly, 

 two vessels were engaged in the whale-fishery. Now, only one 

 is employed, the other having been lost at sea a few years 

 ago. In late years there has Keen a considerable emigra- 

 tion to America. The following tables show tho total ton- 

 nage of the port, and tliu number of ships for the last nine 

 years, and the quantities of corn, &c. exported during the 

 last fourteen years. 



1. TONNAGE. 



TIw Item lm.' encli euntitintag 80 stuoe, consul of dour, oatmeal, and 

 gToata, nod manufacture*! barley. The imports fmn foreign countries consist 

 ]>M ( . i itlly of timber, and a little iron, hemp, and flax, and bones for manure. 



The salmon fisheries in the Tweed have for many cen- 

 turies been very productive. Both in England and Scot- 

 land, fishings in the sea and in navigable streams originally 

 belonged to the crown ; and accordingly we find, in early 

 times, that those on the south side of the river were pos- 

 sessed by the bishop of Durham, who had all the jura regalia 

 within his palatinate, while those on the north were the 

 property of the kings of Scotland. The earliest document 

 we find relating to the bishop's fishings is a grant in A 

 Saxon from Ranulph Flambard (who held tin 

 x.n. 1099 until 1128) to St. Cuthbert and his monks, of the 

 fishery of Haliwarestelle, at the mouth of the river, near 

 Spittal. It is still called Hallowstell. In the Scottish 

 chartularies numerous grants occur from the crown to 

 monasteries and friaries of the royal fishings on the Berwick 

 side of the river, many of which are still called by their an- 

 tient names, and the high rents which were obtained b\ the 

 religious houses from the occupiers evince the importance 

 and value of the traffic. Until about the year I/no the 

 salmon sent from Berwick were either salted and dried, or 

 boiled and pickled with salt and vinegar, except salmon- 

 trouts, which were occasionally kept alive in wells or i 

 in the ship's hold. The exports were principally to London, 

 but considerable quantities of salted salmon were also sent to 

 the Mediterranean. At present the whole, except what are 

 required for home consumption, are sent fresh to London 

 packed in ice. These fisheries have fallen fully four-fifths 

 in value within tho last twenty years. Before that period 

 the annual rental reached 20,0007. : now it does not exceed 

 40001., and at that reduced rate the tenants are losers. The 

 greatest quantity shipped in one year during the hist forty- 

 years was 13,189 boxes, each weighing on an average nine 

 stones; the smallest number was 3323 boxes. For many 

 jenrx past the number has been from 3ouo to 4000 boxes 

 only. It is perhaps difficult to account for so immepse a 

 falling off in the produce: one of the causes, if not the 

 principal one. is said to he the great destruction of fish 

 during the breeding season, and of the young fry h, ih e 

 higher parts of tho river and its tributan streams. A 

 police is employed for the protection of the river, under the 

 authority of tho Tweed Fishery Act, passed J<uh Ma\ . 

 and a tax of 2s. per pound upon the rental of the !;- 

 is levied for its maintenance. This fund, however, is now 

 so small, from, the depreciation in the value of the waters, 

 that the force kept up is insufficient to prevent poaching 

 and theft. 



Berwick is very amply supplied with water of good and 

 wholesome quality, at a very trifling expense. The cor- 

 poration are owners of tho water-works and pipes. The 

 public reservoirs are open to all without cost, and any in- 

 habitant is allowed to have an unlimited supply ccin\(\. 1 

 by a branch pipe into his own dwelling-house, at the annual 

 charge of 5*. Fuel is also abundant and cheap, there being 

 1 collieries "ii the south side of the river within from 

 two to four miles of the town. The price of coals per ton, 

 including carriage to the door, is usually 7. 6</., but the 

 present price (1835) is 5*., which does not remunerate the 

 ciial-mvner. The town is also excellently lighted with coul- 

 i :or the retorts arc brought from Newi .. 



I'uie, those in the neighbourhood not being pure 

 enough for the manufactory. The extra price of carriage 



