T A K 



GO 



1 A H 



second lime. Tliis is held out us a hint to show bow an 



ntal interruption in a rotation inuy lie remedied 

 . 'op or great deviation. As no nile 

 :- without exception, so no rotation can always lie strictly 

 adhered to; and tho '.ich admit oi' bciuL- 



fTenol times, .<' the \ car are of tin- greatest u-e as sub- 

 stitutes for other* which could not he convenient]? own 

 without materially altering th- n of crops. In 



the coinin of cultivation of hca\v .soils, where 



ional fallows are necessary to clean tile land, one- 

 hiilf of the land which requires fallowing may 1" 

 with tares: and thus the clean unproductive summer fal- 

 low will only return at every second rotation. ]!' the 

 tares have been manured, or if they are fed off with sheep 

 folded upon the land, the wheat or other crop which is 

 sown after them will he as good as on a clean fallow, or 

 after ;v giM>d crop of clover. This alone would make tares 

 a valuable crop : and they may be compared in their effect 

 on heavy lands to turnips on lighter 



The seeds of the tare are occasionally pound into meal 

 and made into bread. It is a very poor food : and when 

 there is more seed than can be profitably disposed of, it 

 may be given to pigs: buf poultry, especially pigeons, 

 are very fond of it. When given to horses, the seeds of 

 tares are found very heating; and although they produce 

 a fine glossy coat, they are not to be recommended for 

 this purpose. 



TAREXTl'M. [TvKAN-TO.j 



TARGUMS, or CHALDEE PARAPHRASES OF 

 HIE OLD TESTAMENT. During the Babylonish cap- 

 iv it v . the language of the Jews was affected by the Chal- 

 iee dialed spoken at Babylon, to such an extent, that 

 upon their return they could not understand the pure 

 Hebrew of their sacred hooks; and therefore, when Ezra 

 and the Levites read the law to the people, they found 

 themselves obliged to add an explanation of it, undoubt- 

 edly in (Jhaldee. (Nehem., viii. 8.) [HEBREW LANGUAGE; 

 ARAMAKAN LANGUAGE.] In course of time such expla- 

 nations were committed to writing, and from their being 

 not simple versions, but explanatory paraphrases, they 

 were called by the Chaldee word Targum (D13~)D), which 

 signifies ' an explanation.' 



There are ten Targums extant : 1. Tli<> Tiir<;iim nf 

 Onkelot, on the Pentateuch, is the most antient. Onkelos 

 is supposed to have lived at Babylon. The Babylonish 

 Talmud makes him a contemporary of Gamaliel, at the 

 very beginning of the Christian sera. \o critics place 

 him lower than the second century. His language ap- 

 proachcs nearer than that of the 1 other Targums to the 

 pure Chald.'e of the hooks of Daniel and K/aa. He fol- 

 Mic Hebrew text so closely, that his work is ].-- a 

 paiaphiasu than a version, and lie is free from the fables 

 which prevailed among the later .lews. 



'J. '/'//' Tiirxti'ii ';/' JnHiit/1'Ut /''// I ';;i<-/. on the 

 Prophets, is by many ascribed to an author contemporary 

 with Onkelos, or even a little older, namely, Jonathan the 

 son of Uzziel, a disciple of the elder Hillel. The men- 

 tion oi his name in the Tahnuds proves him to have lived 

 earlier than the fourth and fifth centuries. Hut Jahn 

 points out certain internal marks, from which he con- 

 cludes that this Targum was compiled, towards the end 

 of the third century ;. st, from other paraphrases. 



some of which at least were considerably older. The 

 Jews make Jonathan contemporary with the prophets 

 Malachi, Zechariah, and Haggai, and relate marvellous 

 stories respecting the composition of his Talmud. 



This Targum is more paraphrastic, than that of Onkelos; 

 iU dialect is not so pure; the version is not so aCC 

 and indeed varies in accuracy in different parts; but it is 

 free from the fabulous stories of the later Tahnuds. It 

 comprises the PropheU, in the Jewish sense of the word. 

 namely, the books of Joshua, Judges, Samuel, Kings, Isaiah, 

 Jeremiah. Ezekicl, and the twelve minor Prophets. 



3. Tin' Ti ran in ';/ //< ji.\rti<l<i-.l<n<itlh<iii. on the Penta- 

 teuch, i- -n called from it* having been erroneously ascribed 

 to Jonathan Ben Uzziel. In purity of dialect, in its gene- 

 ral ntvlc. and 1:1 its mode of e\pn-ilion. it is far inferior to 

 :ignm of Jonathan. It abounds in silly I'al.lcs and 

 Hebrew onthc part of its author, 

 inttrial evidence, such as its mention of the Turks 

 and Lombard-, it i- ividcnt that it could not have been 

 written earlier than tin- seventh, or perhaps the eighth, 

 century. 



-1. The Jeruttn , on the Pentateuch, of which 



however it omits lar::> . and sometimes explains 



only single word-. 1- , vidcntly later than that of the 

 pseudo-Jonathan, which it generally follows. closely. 

 sioually departing from it for the worse. It- ilia'.. 

 verv impure, abounding in Greek, Latin, and Persian 



Tle other Targums scarcely di-M-rv. i,. notice. 



An account of them, and lists of the editions and Latin 



versions of the Targuma, will be found in the works ijuoted 



at the end of this article. Taken together, the Targums 

 form a paraphra.se of the whole of the Old Testamen- 

 t-cot tile books of Daniel, E/ra. and Nchemiah. which 

 called the le.-v. lor such an exposition, as they are to a 

 extent written in < 'haldee. 



Piidcar.x's ('m/'-'-tinii. pt. ii., hk. viii. ; the 'Intro- 

 ductions' of Home and Jahn. 



TAKITA. a small sea-port town situated in the nar- 



part of the Strait of Gibi altar, on a point m 

 projecting into the sea: in :;" :i' N. hit. and .V 'Mi' 

 W. long. The Arabs called it Je/irah Taiif the Island 

 of Tarif . because a Berber, named Tarif Ibn Malek 

 Al-ma'feii, who was the lieutenant of Mfisa Ibn Ni. 

 landed on the little island facing the [port with a small 

 force, two years before the final of Spain by the 



[MOOHS.] Taiil'a is now a dependency of Cadiz, 

 which has been made of late the capital of a provi; 



lie name. In rj. r >.~> it was besieged by the Africans 

 under Abu Ynsuf, but it was stoutly defended by Don 

 Alonso Perez de Guzman ' c'l Bucno.' the progenitor of 

 the dukes of .Medina Sidonia, who would not surrender that 

 fortress to them, notwithstanding they threatened to lie- 

 head his only son, which they did before his eyes. In 

 1340 a great battle was fought near Tarita. 1. 

 phonso XI. of Castile and Abii-1-hasan, sultan of Fez and 

 Marocco, when the former was victorious. 



TARIFF, a table of duties to be paid on goods imported 

 or exported. The principle of a tariff depends upon the 

 commercial policy of the body by which it is framed, and 

 the details are constantly fluctuating with the clian 

 interests and the wants of the community, or in pursuance 

 of commercial treaties with other states. The British tariff 

 has undergone six important alterations within the last 

 sixty years, namely in 17~. in 1*0:1. isi'l. 1S2.~>, IS.'i.'i. and 

 1842." The act embodying the tariff of 1H: is the :J vV -1 

 Wm. IV.. c. .">(!. Its character has been described in the 

 Report of a Committee of the House of Common- in IMO, 

 on the Import Duties, as presenting- neither congnnty nor 

 unity of purpose : no general principles seem to 

 applied. The tariff often aims at incompatible ends: 

 the duties are sometimes meant to be both productive of 

 revenue and for protective object*, which are frequently 

 inconsistent with each other. Hence they sometime.- 

 Operate to the Complete exclusion of foreign produce 

 in so far no revenue can of course be received : and - 

 tunes, when the duty is inordinately high, the amount of 

 revenue becomes in consequence trilling An attempt is 



made to pi it variety of particular interests at 



the expense of the revenue and of the commercial inter- 

 course with other countries.' The schedules to the act 

 It ^ -| \Vm. IV., e. .>(!. contain a list of I 15l> articles, to 

 each of which a specific duty i< affixed. The unenume- 

 lated a re admitted at an .// nil'iri'iit duty of ~> 



and of 'JO per cent, the rate having previously been 20 

 and ."ill per cent. In ls;{S-!>, seventeen articles 'produced 

 '.)4J per cent, of the total customs' duties, and tb. 

 mainder only "4 per cent., including twenty-nine, which 

 produced .'{^ percent. The following table of the tariff of 

 hnwmg the duties received in ls:ts-!l, is an analysis 

 of one prepared by the inspector-general of imports for Un- 

 parliamentary committee to which allusion has been 

 made : N.. ..r \UM i . 



1. Articles producing on an average } .,.,, 



less than 2 1/. . 



2. Ditto less than 240/. . 

 li. Ditto less than 7KJ/. . 



Ditto less than 2.2* I/. . 

 5. Ditto less than 'JJ.lsnf. 

 (I. Ditto le-s than IHJ.wril'. 



7. Ditto less than 2.O(i.'i 



8. Articles on which no duty 



been rccciv ed . . ) 



l.TJ 



40 



107 



83 



10 



11 



147 



&QOO 



31,029 



32,066 



244,933 



1,838,630 



'I dr.iw- 



802 



