TAR 7 



product*, but principally in bi-Urtrate of potash, which 

 u usually called cream <>J tortur, a salt which is deposited 

 from wine. 



The tartaric acid of this salt is obtained first by convert- 

 ing the excess of it. one half of it, into tart rate of lime by 

 the additi. and the other hall into the same salt 



by means of chloride of calcium ; the resulting tartratc of 

 lime ost-d by sulphuric acid, by which sulphate 



oflin: !, and the solution of tartaric acid thus 



obtained by single elective affinity and decomposition 

 is evaporated, and crystals of the acid are deposited on 

 cooling. 



The properties of tartaric acid are, that it is coloi, 

 inodorous, and very sour to the taste ; it occurs in crystals 

 of a considerable size, the primary form of which is an 

 oblique rhombic prism ; it suffers no change by exposure 

 to the air: water at CO" dissolves about one fifth of its 

 weight, and at 212 twice its weight: the solution acts 

 stronglv on vegetable blue colours, turning them red. and 

 it becomes mouldy and decomposes when long kept ; 

 alcohol dissolves it", but more sparingly than water. The 

 Is, when heated a little above "the boiling-point of 

 . melt into a liquid, which boils at 2TX), leaving on 

 cooling a semi-transparent mass, which is rather deliques- 

 cent : it' it be more strongly heated in a retort, tartaiic acid 

 is decomposed, and converted into pyrotartaric acid, ac- 

 companied with some other products. When very strongly 

 heated in the air, a coaly mass is procured, which is even- 

 tually dissipated. Sulphuric acid acts upon and decom- 

 poses taitaric acid, with the production of acetic acid ; by 

 means of nitric acid it also suffers decomposition, and a 

 portion of its carbon, by acquiring oxygen from the de- 

 composed nitric acid, is converted into oxalic acid. 



Solution of tartaric acid acts with facility upon those 

 metals which decompose water, as iron and zinc ; it com- 

 bines readily with alkalis, earths, and metallic oxides ; and 

 these salts are called Inrlniti-x. For an account of the 

 more important of these we refer to the respective bases. 

 Tartaric acid has a remarkable disposition to form double 

 . one of the most distinct and remarkable of which 

 is the tartrate of potash and soda, which has long been 

 employed in medicine under the name of Rochelle Salts. 



Tartaric acid free from water, in which state it may be 

 obtained by exposure to a heat of 302 in an oil-bath for 

 some time, consists of 



Two equivalents of hydrogen 2 or 3- 



Four equivalents of carbon . 24 3(i-4 

 Five equivalents of oxygen . -40 60-6 



Equivalent . . (JO 100' 

 It is insoluble in cold water. 

 In the crystallized state it consists of 



One equivalent of anhydrous acid 66 or 88 

 One equivalent of water . 12 



Equivalent . . . 75 100 

 By the action of heat, so as partially to decompose it, 

 tartaiic acid is converted into tartrelic acid and tartralic 

 acid, which are not of sufficient importance to require 

 description. 



Tartaric acid is largely employed as a discharge in 

 Calico-printing, and for making what arc called sodaic 

 powders, which are extemporaneous imitations of soda- 



TARTAKIc .VII) i- entirely confined to the vegetable 



kingdom, and is found free or uncombined in tamarinds, in 

 the unripe gi ape, and hi pepper; and in combination in 

 tamarinds, ripe | mulberries, squill. dan- 



delion, chenopodrum vulvaria, hilarious species of pines, 

 and as tartrate of lime in the fruit of the Khus typhina. 

 For medical piirpo.es it should be remarkably pure, when 

 it is without odour, but makes a poweifiil acid imoression 

 on the organs of taste. In small doses, properly diluted, it 

 acts as a refrigerant, and is of much value in fever 

 tieularly mucous, and in biliary remittents It . \. ,tes the 

 appetite of persons in whom the stomach is in a healthy 

 condition: and those who, by long indulgence in stimu- 

 lating food and drinks, experience loss of appetite, painful 



lipation. with a yellow and altered coun- 



e, and diminished muscular power, find in tartaric 



acid a remedy of singular power. Vor this state of system 



a few crystals should be dissolved in two small tumblris. 



and drank in the morning fasting, an hour into \ eni 



T A K 



tween the tumblers. A few grains arc sufficient for each 

 tumbler, as when made too strong it . Mtion, fol- 



lowed by purgin: .nail) it disturbs the nervous 



system in a distressing way, so that patients refuse to 

 continue its use. This plan has in many in-tanc. 

 claimed individuals addicted to habitual it n, to 



which they have Heve a painful feeling of 



sinking and craving of the stomach, which is 

 removed by the acid draught. This is also useful after an 

 attack of delirium tr< 



Tartaric acid enters the circulation, and diffuses itself 

 through the whole body, and may be rc< n the 



mine, ircncrally in combination, often with lime. Tar 

 acid i- much used to decompose alkaline > , and 



form effervescing draught*, the employment of which re- 

 quires caution. [Avi.vi i 



TARTARS, ,. more correctly. TATARS Khazar 

 Kiptshak . The name Tatars once designated a great 

 number of different nations in Middle Asia and F.astcrn 

 Kurope. which, accoiding to ^ciicial opinion, were of one 

 Cpnunon origin. Careful research however into their his- 

 tory, language, and ethnographical relations, has shown 

 that tl' i Tatars never designated any particular 



race, although it was at li 



among which there was no difference of race. It has how- 

 ever gradually become a collective name, under which arv 

 comprehended different nations of Mongol, Turkish, and 

 even Finnish origin. The nuiner. and the iii' 



cable confusion in the earlier historians who have written 

 on this subject can only In ip by going back to 



the historical origin of ihe name ol'T, 



As earlv as the beginning of the ninth century, the 

 Chinese knew a people called Tata, who lived to tb- 

 and south-east of the lake of Baikal, towaids the upper 

 part of the river Amur. They were also called Tatuol, 

 the Chinese pronunciation of Tatar, and tin (ably 



identical with theTaidjod of the Mongol historian Si'inang- 

 Sctscii. In the middle of the tenth century the Tata i- 

 div ided into three tribes, the White, the Wild, and the Black 

 or Water Tatars, the last of which lived about the sources 

 of the Amur, and were subject to the White. until In- 



. the father of Genghis Khan, a prince of the 

 Water Tatars, subdued the White Tatars, in the middle of 

 the twelfth century. He then united the Wild and all the 

 other tribes of his race; and his son Genghis Khan irave to 

 these warlike nations, the general name of which seems to 

 have been Hcdc. the name of Kokc-Mongols, that is, the 

 Blue Bold, c,r the Celestial Mongols. A j articular cir- 

 cumstance made the change of their name ainecablc to 



The word Tatar signifies in tl. 



language 'a tributary people," and. in consequence, could 

 not be agreeable to nations which had not only < 

 to be tributary, but boasted of the noble title of M.. 



Sanani: Sctscn. llixtunj "f tlx 1 Ki\/i'rn .l/"//i r "A. cd. .!. .1. 

 Schmidt, p. "I. and notes 21 anil 22: Pa' 

 lirii-litfii iihi-r <//< M 



ti-n. \ol. ii., p. 42!t : Schmidt, Forschungtn i<; 

 i/i',- I ",',!!; , p. 59.) 



When Genghis Khan sent his son Tushi Khan to conquer 

 the west, all the Turkish nations which were scattered over 

 Middle A-ia. from the sources of tlie Amur to the Caspian. 

 were subjugated, and thus becamcTatars, that is. tributary 

 subjects of the Mongol empire. Fasten! Kurope. inha- 

 bited by other Tutk- and numerous nations of the Finnish 

 laee. shared their fate; the tributary inhabitants were 



1 to tight under a Mongol chief: and ihe : 

 of Mongols ami Tatars were not only confounded, but the 

 latter soon gained the ascendency, because it designated 

 the irreat majority of Mongol subjects. In 1223. when 

 the Mongols made their first invasion of Russia, they were 

 >lly called Tatars; and when Hatn. the iriandsoii of 

 Genghis Khan, after having laid wa-te Russia and Poland, 

 appeared on the frontier of Germany, the emperor I 

 lie II. summoned the princes to rise against the T 

 The battle of Wahlstatt, or I.icgnilz. was foiidit on the 

 itth of April, 12-41. in which the Mongols, although they 

 defeated a feeble arm) of Poles and Geiniaiis. were so 

 struck with Ihe heroic resistance of the Teutonic knights, 

 that they did not advance i This latt lew 



sometime < ailed the Tatar Battle : seven 



-ian nobles who survived that day had and have still Tatar- 

 ,11 their armorial 1 ' iman 



kniirht. whose descendants aie still living, had his name 



