T A rt 



76 



T A S 



tribute which was due, the grand-duke refused it haughtily, 

 rut i itt' the noses of the ambassadors, and sent them back 

 in this state to the Golden Camp. He then allied himself 

 with Mengli, khan of the Crimea, and attacked the 

 klinn, who was defeated, in USO. at the Oka, and near A*of 

 on the Don. This was the last war between Russia and 

 the Golden Horde. Russia, free from the yoke of lure 

 was master of Kasan ; Mengli became an independent 

 khan in the Crimea, and Yaghmurji in Astrakhan. The 

 khanat of Astrakhan was conquered by the Russians in 1.1 U. 

 The khanat of the Crimea, although it became a vassal 

 state of Turkey, existed for three centuries, when it was 

 conquered byPotemkin, under Catherine the Great. Thus 

 the powerful kingdom of Kiptshak, the creation of Genghis 

 Khan, became a province of Rus-ia. 



In this long struggle with the Tatars, the Russian- 

 taught to bear chains, and to force them for other nations. 

 From 1210 to 1440, two hundred and fifty Rus-ian princes 

 went to the Golden Camp and humbly knelt before the 

 majesty of a Tatar king; twelve of them were beheaded. 

 t )ne hundred and thirty noble families of Russia and many 

 of the common people arc descended from the Tatars. 

 Many words in the Russian language, several legal cus- 

 toms, various social usages, and articles of dress, several 

 names of weights, measures, and coins, ceremonies at the 

 emperor's court, the knout itself, are of Tatar origin. The 

 influence of the Tatars upon the Russians has never been 

 better characterized than by that bon-mot of Napoleon : 

 Scrub a Russian, and you will find a Tatar.' [ASTRAKHAN ; 

 CASAN ; CRIMEA ; TI-RKKV ; Truits.] 



(Hammer, Geschichte der Goldenen Horde in Kiptshak; 

 Mohammed Riza, Asseb us Sfyiar (the Seven Planets) ; 

 llntoire des Khans de la Crimfe, traduite du Turk par 

 Mirza-Kasem-Bey, 1832, in 4to.; Abulghazi ; D'Ohsson 

 K . -tinin. Geschichte der Kasanischen !/.are, Petersburg, 

 ITsil : Fischer, Sibirische Geschichte, Petersburg, 1768; 

 rnes, Histoire des Huns.) 



TA'RTARUS (Tripropoc) was, according to the notions of 

 the Greeks and Romans, a part of the lower world, and was 

 inaccessible to the light of the sun and to the winds. 

 Homer describes it as being as far below Hades as heaven 

 is above the earth, and as being provided with brazen gates 

 at its entrance. (Iliad, viii. 13, &c., 481.) He further re- 

 gards it chiefly as the place in which the gods were pu- 

 nished. Hesiod entertains on the whole the same idea, imt 

 he adds that Tartarus is surrounded by a brazen wall and 

 triple night ; the roots of the earth and the sea limit; down 

 into it. It is the prison of the Titans. (Hesiod, Tln'nfi., 

 720, &c.) In later times Tartarus designated that part of 

 the lower world in which the shades of the wicked w en- 

 punished (Plato, De Re Pub/., p. 616; Virgil. ./;'., vi. 

 and the ideas then formed of it were more awful 

 uhan in earlier times. According to Virgil's description, 

 which we may take as an example of the later ideas, t In- 

 road into the lower world was dmded at a certain point 

 into two roads, the left of which led into Tartarus, which 

 was surrounded by a triple wall and the tier)- river Phlege- 

 thon, and was closed with an adamantine gate. At its 

 outer side Ti si phone kept watch, and at the inner side the 

 fifty-headed hydra. Rhadamanthvs was the judge in Tar- 

 tarus, and at his command the Furies scourged the shades 

 of the wicked. Tartarus was twice as far below the eaith 

 as heaven above it. 



Tartarus was also the name of a small river in Gallia 

 Trnnsnadana, which is now called Tartaro. It was con- 

 nected with the Padus and Athesis by the Fossae Philis- 

 tinae. 



I VRTARY, or more correctly TATARY. This name 

 was in former times given by .the European nations to the 

 country of Kaptshak or Kiptshak [TARTARS], or the three 

 Khanate of Astrakhan, Kasan, and the Crimea [ASTRA- 

 KHAN; CAS\N; CMMKA], the last of which had the special 

 name of Little Tatary. [TriiKKv.] Great Tatary. on the 

 contrary, designated the vast country between the Caspian 

 Sea on the west, the desert of Gobi on the east, Siberia 

 on the north, and Persia, Afghanistan, and Tibet on the 

 south. The greater part of it has now the more convenient 

 name of Turkistan. [TURKISTAN.] The name of Tatary has 

 entirely disappeared from geography, but it occurs fre- 

 quently in the history of those regions. 

 r. .Itifn.) 



T \KTKSSUS. [TARSIUSH.] 



TARTI'NI, GIUSEPPE, a name celebrated in the annals 



of music, xvas born at Pisano, on the coast of Istria, in 

 .<:id educated lit the university of Padua, lor the pro- 

 fession of jurisprudence ; but his love of music triumphed 

 over his Braver pursuit, and alter some struggles, and 

 .1 adventures of rather a romantic kind. among 

 which the fighting of many duels, the marrying a car- 

 dinal's niece against her uncle's and his father's consent, 

 and his consequent flight to a monastery, where, to . 

 the effects of his emmency's resentment, be rcm 

 during two years secreted, maybe thus slightly men! ioned, 

 he became a professed violinist, and the founder of a 

 school which in after-times boasted of a Nardini, a i 

 nani, a Viotti, and a liaillot among its disciples. 



Tartini was also a composer, and his productions are 

 much extolled by a very competent judge, M. Kaillot, an 

 eminent French violinist and good critic : but he is more 

 generally known by his writings on the art, among which 

 his Truttiitn <li Miitica seconda la vera Srii nzn ili-li'Ar- 

 monia (1754), a strictly scientific work, is still read, and 

 i-ely and ably translated and explained in 1771, by 

 Kdward Stillingfle'ct, under the title of ' Principles and 

 Powers of Harmony,' who cleared it of many of the 

 obscurities which D'Alembert justly complained of, and 

 li\ In- additions and illustrations rendered it entertaining 

 as well as instructive. This Treatise is partly founded on 

 the author's theory of a Third X<iund, a subject which has 

 so long engaged the attention of all writers on acou 

 and on which most of Tartini's work is built, that wi 

 give an explanation of it nearly in the words of the above- 

 named translator, or, rather, commentator. 



'Two sounds being given on musical instruments that 

 admit of the tones being held out. and strengthened at. 

 pleasure, as violins, oboes, horns, &c., a third sound will 

 be heard. On the violin let the intervals CE, cSy., UK, 

 no, B[>G, be sounded with a strong bow, and the third 

 sounds, represented by the black notes in the subjoined 

 example, will be heard : 



Q Q_ 



' A similar result will occur if the same intervals be 

 sounded by two players on the violin, distant from each 

 other about 12!) or '.HI feet ; always using a strung bow, and 

 holding out the notes. The auditor will hear the third 

 sound much better if stationed exactly between the two 

 instruments. Two oboes will produce the same effect 

 placed at a much greater distance.' 



'This discovery of the GVnr" Ifurmninrx, as these third 

 sounds arc called, was made so nearly at the same time by 

 Tartini and Kornieu.thnt both seem to have an undoubted 

 claim to be considered as discoverers. M. Roniieu was a 

 member of the Royal Society of Sciences of Mnntpellier. 

 The memoir which he read before the society is entitled 

 "A New Discovery of Grave Harmonic Sounds, which are 

 very sensibly produced from the union of Wind Instni- 



Tartini died at Padua in 1770. To the Dirtintnuiiri' </<* 

 Mii-ticii-nx we are indebted for what relates to his early life : 

 which work also furnished M. Prony with materials for 

 an interesting memoir in the Biofraphie r,nr,-r\r//<\ In 

 the Knryclitjirdif is an flngf by M. Ginguenfi on the com- 

 positions of Tartini. in which they are most indiscreetly 

 compared with those of Corelli. 



TAKTKATKS. [TARTARIC ACID.] 



TAKIMUNT. [M.M!,,rco.] 



TASHKKM). [Tt HMSTKN.I 



T \SMAN, ABEL .IANSSEN, one of the greatest na- 

 rs of the, se\enteeuth century, whose fame has not 

 equalled his merits owing to his countrymen, the Dutch, 

 having neglected to make known the important -n-viees 

 which he rendered to geography. In the sen ice of the 

 Dutch East India Company he gave such proof of his 

 enterprise anil ability as to induce Anthony Van Diemen, 

 the most distinguished governor-general who had presided 

 over the affairs of that company, to commission him, in 

 1642, to proceed on n 'he object of which was to 



ascertain the extent of the Auslialian continent, on the. 

 western coast of which di-covc lies had been made by pre- 

 vious Dutch navigators. 



On the 14th August, 1642, Tasman sailed from Batavia 



