I \ V 



106 



T \ X 



In this re i.ecn obliged to anticipate that 



]rt of tin- history of the third pciunl <>l "l'a\ crmcr's HlV, 

 which relates to what may bo railed his literary labours. 

 .d>lrd tu abridge the sequel i>)' our narra- 

 tive. OnTavciuier's return Iron- his sixth journey he was 

 ited with li-ttn'x de noble**'-, \<\ Louis XIV.. and pur- 

 chased about the same time the barony of Aubomie in the 

 Pais de Valid, \\hcn hi.s travels were imbhslu il. they 

 at been intimated above, fiercely attacked ; in 

 particular, most virulently by Jurieu, in his ' Esprit 

 de M. . \rnauld' , December, Kisl : m.uv temp.-iatcly and 

 with a (greater parade of evidence by llenrii-k vanQuellcn- 

 burgh, in ' Vimlieui' Batavir;. ' Amsterdam. KN1 . Taver- 

 nier made no reply. Bayle has given a characteristic 

 aecount of hi.s eoiulnct relative to thr publication ot'Jurieu, 

 which was rather a libel than a criticism. ' He made a 

 noise in the taverns anil streets, he threatened anil even 

 named the day anil hour when he would apply to the Wal- 

 loon consistory of Rotterdam to demand execution of the 

 canonical laws against the minister who had dishonoured 

 him : but his thrcatenings came to nothing, he retired very 

 peaceably, and never commenced any persecution at all.' 

 The misconduct of a nephew, to whom he had intrusted 

 the management of his affairs in the Levant, obliged him 

 ;n sell, some time previous to 10KS, his hotel in Paris and 

 his otaic of Aubonnc. He retired first into Switzerland, 

 and subsequently to Berlin, where he was nominated by 

 the elector of Brandenburg director of a projected East 

 India Company. From the time of his first journey he had 

 i curetted being prevented from carrying into execution a 

 ilesiirn which he then entertained of returning from Persia 

 through the Russian dominions. His new appointment 

 afforded him an excuse and opportunity lor making that 

 journey, and he set out to travel to the East Indies across 

 -ia in 1G88. He was taken ill at Moscow, and died 

 there in the month of July, 1689. The equivocal conclu- 

 sion of Boilcau's inscription on Tavernier's portrait contains 

 a fair enough estimate of his character : 



r.u tons licux SA \rrtu fut son plus ur ftpwii ; 

 Kt bu>n qu'en DOS climats <! rotour aujuumhui 



En foule a mw yeux il presente 

 Lei pint rarrs Uesor* que Ic soleit enfante; 

 11 n'a rien rapporte de si rare que lui.' 



(Les six Voyages de Jean Baptisle Tavcrnier, Ecuyer 

 Daron d'Aubonne, en Turquie, en Prrxr, i't mt.r Indes, a 

 Paris, 1676-9, 4to. ; L'Esprtt de M. Arnauld, tire des <'///. 

 de lui et de ses disciples,' Deventer, 1684, 12mo. ; Henrick 

 van Quellenburgh's findicia? Batavicer, oftc I\ifu/uti<' 



/n't Trin-iiiet van J. B, Tavernier, Chevalier, Baron 

 i/'An/i'inri'', Amsterdam, 1684, 4to. ; Bayle, v. 'Tavernier;' 



nif i/iie Linuerselle, v. 'Taverniec, Jean Baptiste,' 

 I ar \Veiss.) 



TAVISTOCK, a parliamentary borough and market- 

 town, on the south-western border of Devonshire, 307 miles 

 from London, 34 from Exeter, and 11 from Plymouth. The 

 parish extend.-, between the western extremity of Dartmoor 

 and the river Tamar, and, according to a survey made in 

 1781. comprises 13,987 acres, or nearly 22 square miles; 

 but it is probable that this survey included lands within the 

 boundary of the borough which are not in the parish : in 

 the census of 1831 the area of the parish is stated to be 

 1 l.GtiO acres. The surface of the parish is diversified by 

 hills fnun:Hlto(iH) feet, in height, which rise in continued 

 succession and are separated by valleys often deep and nar- 

 row, the general direction of which is from north-east to 

 south-west. The higher ground towards Dartmoor is of 

 granitic formation, and the neighbourhood of the town con- 



nf schistose rock. The town is situated nearly in the 

 centre of the parish, on the north-west bank of the Taw, 

 which here flows rapidly through a narrow valley, from 

 which the ground rises steeply on both sides to the height 

 of several hundred feet. The riveris crossed by two bridges 

 within the town. A narrow valley, or gully, from the north, 

 is also covered by houses. The climate is variable, and the 

 average quantity of rain falling in lh !~i inches. 



In '.Hil an abbey was founded at Tavistock, which was 

 burnt by the Danes, ami afterwards rebuilt on a larger 

 Male. "Henry I. 1 100-1 13.~i granted to the abbot a 

 weekly market and a fair. In l.">13thc thirty-fifth abliot 

 tru called to the House of Peers, but in I.Y'til his succes- 

 sor surrendered to the king, when the revenue of the 

 abbey was estimated at !X)2/. A printing-press was esta- 

 blished in the abbey goon after the introduction of the art 



into England. Fragments of the abbey still remain, but 

 are chiefly incorporated with other building*; and II 



| is used as an at oin. John, Lord Rns-ell. 



ancestor of the Duke of Hcilloul, obtained H giant of the 

 abbey lands. An antient lazar-lu 



of the workhouse. The parish church is a spacious edifice, 

 with n tower at the west end supported on arches. The 

 interior consists of four aisles and a chancel, and contains 

 some good monuments. The living is a vicarage, valued 

 at 302/. per annum. The Independents. I 

 (Quakers, and \Vesle\an Methodists have places of worship. 

 The date ol the foundation of the grammar-school is not 

 known, but in KM!) Sir John Glanville left an endowment 

 for the education of one buy. which yields about !/. per 

 annum'; and the Duke of Bedford, in whom the school-, 

 is vested, allows the master the use of a house rent 

 besides other advantages, and 20/. a-year for the education 

 of eight boys. There is a LancaMcrian school chiefly sup- 

 ported by subscription, which in 1833 was attended by 

 l;!."i boys and 88 girls. At the sime period seventeen other 

 schools were attended by 203 boys and '224 girls ; and 

 there were five Sunday-schools, in which 381 boys and 

 333 girls were instructed. There are two alnisliouses, one 

 for four poor widows, who each receive 21. a-year ; and 

 another for fifteen persons, nominated by the Duke of 

 Bedford, who receive:!/, a-year each. A sum of 1;V. is 

 applicable to the apprenticing of poor children. 



Tavistock returned two members to parliament previous 

 to the passing of the Reform Act. a privilege which it had 

 enjoyed since 12!)5 (23 Hen. I.). The right of election 

 was in the resident freeholders. The Tavy formed the 

 boundary ofthe borough on one side, and on the ot) 

 limits were defined by an artificial line. Under the 

 Reform Act the borough was made co-extensive with the 

 limits of the parish, the manor ofCudliptown cxccpteil, 

 and it still returns two members. The number of ' 

 on the register, in 1840, was 347. Tavistock is not 

 incorporated. The portreeve, who is elected annually at 

 the court-leet of the lord of the manor, is the chief public 

 officer, and makes the return of the elections. Tavistock 

 is one of the polling-places for the county. 



The parish registers of Tavistock from 1(117 to 1836 have 

 made the subject of a more careful and elaborate 

 examination than those of any other place in England. 

 This task was undertaken by Dr. Barham, and the i 

 are given in a series of tables which are printed in part 

 i\ ofthe ' Tables' published by the Board of Trade ; and 

 an abstract of them is given in vol. iv., part 1, ofthe 

 ' Journal ofthe London Statistical Society.' The popula- 

 tion of the parish, in 1781, was 3117; in 1811, 4723 ; in 

 Is-Ji. 5483; in 1831, r>602. The increase between Isll 

 and 1821 is attributed to the extension ol 'mining opera- 

 tions in the neighbourhood. There are some small manu- 

 facturing establishments. Tavistock is one of the four 

 stannary towns in the county. In 1817 a canal was 

 opened, which, after a course of 5 miles. 2 of which are 

 under a tunnel, enters the Tamar at Morwell Ham quay. 

 The head of the canal is connected with the quay bv an 

 inclined plane 240 feet high. This canal conmcls Tavi- 

 stock with Plymouth. Sir Francis Drake was a native of 



lock. 



TAWI-TAWI. [SooLOO ARCHIPELAGO.] 

 TAX, TAXATION. A tax is a portion of the produce 

 and labour of a country placed at the disposal of tit 

 vermnent. 



Taxation is the general charging and levying of parti- 

 cular taxes by the government upon the community. 



Oiuins OF TAXATION. 



In a free state it is assumed that all taxation is necessary 

 for the public good; if it is not necessary, the reason for 

 it no longer exists. The amount of expenditure will in a 

 great measure be determined by the magnitude of a state 

 and by the number and importance of its political 

 tions; yet the prudence with which its affairs are adminis- 

 tered will afl'eel the demands of the government upon the 

 people, nearly as much as its necessities. The expenses of 

 a private person must be regulated by his income : but in 

 a state, the expenditure that is needed is the measure of 

 the public income that must be obtained to meet it. A 

 civilized community requires not only protection from 

 foreign enemies and the means of internal security, but it 

 needs various institutions of civil government conducive to 

 its welfare, and which iU wealth enables it to maintain 



