TEA 



135 



TEA 



the true arithmetic of infinites, both of which had ap- 

 peared in a separate form ; 25, ' The Six Books of Proclus 

 on the Theology of Plato,' 2 vols. 4to., 1816; 2U, 'Theo- 

 retic Arithmetic,' 8vo., 1816, containing what had been 

 written on this subject by Theon of Smyrna, Nicomachus, 

 lamblicus, and Boethius ; with remarks on amicable and 

 other numbers, and a specimen of the manner in which 

 the Pvthagorasans philosophised about numbers ; 27, ' Se- 

 lect Works of Plotinus,' 8vo., 1817 ; 28, ' Life of Pytha- 

 goras by lamblicus,' 8vo., 1818; 29, 'lamblicus on the 

 -Mysteries of the Egyptians, Chaldseans, and Assyrians,' 

 8vo., 1821; 30, 'The Commentaries of Proclus on the 

 Timams of Plato,' 2 vols.4to., 1820 ; 31, 'Political Pytha- 

 goric Fragments and Ethical Fragments of Hierocles,' 

 . 122; 32, 'The Metamorphoses and Philosophical 

 Works of Apulcius,' 8vo., 1822 ; translated gratuitously at 

 the request of a friend, but purchased by a publisher 

 for 100?. : Mr. Taylor had a few copies for his benefit ; 

 33, 'Select Works of Porphyry,' 8vo., 1823; some Essays 

 are added ; 33, ' All the Fragments that remain of the 

 Lost Writings of Proclus,' 8vo., 182o ; 30, ' Arguments of 

 Celsus relative lo the Christians, taken from Origen, with 

 Extracts from other Writers,' 12mo., 1830 ; 37, ' Proclus on 

 Providence and Evil,' 8vo., 1833 ; 38, ' Plotinus on Sui- 

 cide, with Extracts from Olympiodorus, and two books on 

 Truly Existing Being, &c., with Notes from Porphyry and 

 Proems," 8vo., 1834. Besides these, there are many 

 papers written by Mr. Taylor in the ' Classical Journal ' 

 and other periodicals, amongst which may be specified a 

 complete and valuable collection of the Chaldtean oracles, 

 republished by Mr. Cory- 

 TAYLOR'S THEOREM. [TAYLOR, BROOK.] 

 TAYWAN. [TA'I-WAN.] 

 TCHAD, LAKE. [SOODAN, p. 249.] 

 TCHERMGOV. [CZER.VIOOF.] 

 TEA. [THEA.] 



TEA, PARAGUAY, or MATE', is the produce of a 

 plant belonging to the family Aquifoliacese. It was for- 

 merly Mippnsed to be the produce of the Ilf.v ro/nitoria, 

 which is found in North America, in the C'arolinas, and Flo- 

 rida; but, from specimens sent from Brazil to Mr. Lambert, 

 it appears to be a distinct species, which he has named 

 II: i paragitanentit. It is a shrub attaining the size of 

 the orange-tret- : it is quite smooth, with bluntish v, 

 shaped remotely serrated leaves, with umbelliferous flowers 

 1 in the axils of the leaves. It is the Ilfi Matt of 

 Hilaire, and grows wild in Paraguay and Brazil, 

 and is called by the Spaniards Yen-n Mute. The leaves of 

 this shrub are in great repute amongst the inhabitants of 

 South America, and are used in infusion in a similar man- 

 ner to the tea of China. Upwards of 5,000,000 Ibs. of the 

 leaves of this tree are annually collected in Paraguay, and 

 nt to Chili and the viccroyalty of Buenos Ayres. It 

 i- lint cultivated, and merchants carry various articles of 

 into the interior, which they give the natives for their 

 labour in collecting the leaves of the plant. After the 

 branches are cut away, the ground is heated by means of 

 a fire, and the branches, being laid upon the heated ground, 

 ;\re dried, and afterwards they are beaten and pressed into 

 1'ir.T", in which state it comes into the market. There are 

 three kinds known in the market : the Caa-cuy, which is 

 the bud of the leaf: (lie > '<i i-inini, the leaf torn from its 

 midrib and vein?, \\ithout roasting; and the Cun-fumzii, 

 or Yi-i-ni fif I'nhi of the Spaniards, the i\ hole leaf with the 

 petioles and small branches roasted. The first docs not 

 steep well, and is seldom seen. The plant when used is 

 steeped in boiling water, to which a little sugar and 

 times lemon-juice is added. It is drunk out of a 

 called witf, which has a spout perforated with holes for 

 the pin-pi.-'- of preventing the powdered herb from passing 

 out with the fluid. The Creoles are passionately fond of 

 this infusion, nnd never partake of a meal without it. The 

 properties of this plant, are sedative and stimulant. 



Another species of Ilex, the /. '. , found in 



Brazil, H applicable to the same purposes as the last ; 



Ithonsh inferior in quality, was used extensively as a 



true Paraguay tea, when the export of the 



latter from Paraguay was forbidden by the dictator Francia. 



Th produces the Cassena of Florida and 



irohnas, which is used for the purpose of correcting 



the flavour of water. 



TEAK. [TKtTosA.] 



TEAL (Querquedula crecca, Steph. ; Anus crecca, Linn.), 



one of the smallest of the Anatidce, and most beautiful of 

 the DUCKS, in which article will be found Mr. Swainson's 

 observations on the subgenus denominated Teals, together 

 with a description of the Blue-ieinged Teal. 



Description of the Common Teal. Adult Male. Top of 

 the head, cheeks, and neck of a deep chestnut ; throat 

 black ; a broad band of fine glossy green passing from the 

 eyes to the back of the neck, bordered by a pale margin 

 inclining to yellowish ; head and cheeks chestnut ; back, 

 scapulars, and flanks zigzagged with irregular alternate 

 lines of black and white ; breast and under parts yellowish- 

 white, but the breast is spotted with blackish ; wing- 

 coverts brown ; beauty-spot (speculum) rich glossy green, 

 deepened at the sides into a velvety black ; quills brown- 

 ish-black ; under tail-coverts burl', with a longitudinal 

 black band ; bill black ; iris brown ; legs blackish-brown. 

 This is the nuptial dress ; but, in July and August, this 

 brilliant livery is exchanged for the more sober hues of the 

 Ft'iiin lr.~ Top of the head Sienna yellow, with dashes of 

 deep brown ; throat and cheeks dusky white, sprinkled 

 with brown spots ; plumage above tarnished or dull brown, 

 each feather with a margin of a lighter colour ; under parts 

 yellowish-white ; beauty-spot green. 



This is the Sareelle, Petite Sarcellc, Cercelle, Cercerelle, 

 Alebrande, Gursote, and Halebrun of the French ; Cerce- 

 dula, Cerrevolo, Scavolo, Sartella, Anitrclla, and Anitra 

 d' Inverno of the Italians ; Spiegel-Entlein and Krickente 

 of the Germans; It'inti-r Tut ing of the Netherlanders ; 

 Aria and Kra-cka of the Swedes; Kestelort-And of the 

 Norwegians; Krik-And of the Danes; Cor Hiryad and 

 ffrarh Iliryntl of the antient British. 



Ifufii/.v. <i'ri><.'rii-/:/ti<-<i/ JJiistrihutinn, $c. Mr. Yarrell, 

 in his ' British Birds,' now nearly complete, and forming a 

 most \aliiiible addition to British ornithology, thus sums 

 up the information extant relative to the habits and locality 

 of this pretty species, which he notices 'as an early anil 

 constant winter visitor, making its appearance by the end 

 of September, sometimes sooner than that, and remaining 

 with us till spring has made considerable ],i H^K-S ; their 

 numbers are constantly recruited through the winter months 

 !>y additional arrivals from the northern parts of Europe, 

 ind our markets in consequence obtain a regular supply 

 from the \arious decoys and other modes of capture. Al- 

 though numbers in spring return again to more northern 

 localities to breed, many remain in this country and pass 

 1he summer near fresh-water lakes. That some of them 

 jreed here also, in suitable localities, is proved by the fact 

 ihat, in the summer of 1817, Mr. Youell of Yarmouth had 

 bur young birds of the Teal brought to him, which wcic 

 hatched at Reedham in Norfolk. The authors of the Cata- 

 ogue of Norfolk and Suffolk birds say also that very small 

 ones have been ol/lamcd in company with their parents 

 upon Kan worth Broad, by Mr. Kerrisou of that place : and 

 that they breed also pnScoulton Mere. The Rev. Richard 

 Lubbock of Norfolk, in his note to me on tin's species, says, 

 " the Teal must, in some years, either breed abundantly 

 with us, or migrate hither very early : I have known sixty 

 or seventy Teal come in small parties to the same plash 

 of water at sun-down by the first week in August." The 

 Teal bear confinement well ; and at the gardens of the 

 Zoological Society, though restricted to a veiy small pond, 

 with a margin of thick and high grass, with some low 

 shrubs, have hied regularly for the l-^\ Cm Feb., 



1842). The eggs are white, tinged with buff, measuring 

 one inch three lines in length, by one inch four lines in 

 breadth. The food of the Teal consists of seeds, grasses, 

 water-plants, and insects in their various states. In con- 

 finement they require gvain. Some Teal breed about the 

 lakes of Wales, and a few in Romney M.irsh. Mr. Selbv, 

 who has paid attention to the habits of Ihiri species in 

 Northumberland, says, 'our indigenous broods, I am in- 

 clined to think, seldom quit the immediate neighbourhood 

 of the place in which they were bred, as I have repeatedly 

 observed them to haunt the same district from the time of 

 their hatching, till they separated and paired on the ap- 

 proach of the following spring. The Teal breeds in the 

 long rushy herbage about the edges of lakes, or in the 

 bociry parts of the upland moors. Its nest is formed of a 

 mass of decayed vegetable matters, with a lining of 

 down and feathers, upon which eight or ten eggs rest. 

 Dr. Heysham, in his catalogue of Cumberland animals, 

 says that a few Teal certainly breed in the mosses of that 

 county every year.' 



